Survival and growth of black and white spruce seedlings in relation to stock type, site preparation and plantation type in southeastern Manitoba

2000 ◽  
Vol 76 (5) ◽  
pp. 775-782 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Geoff Wang ◽  
J. Aurea Siemens ◽  
Vince Keenan ◽  
Daniel Philippot
Keyword(s):  
Black Spruce ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Site Preparation ◽  
Root Collar Diameter ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Collar Diameter ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
Open Versus ◽  
Root Collar

Differences in survival and growth of black and white spruce seedlings planted on boreal mixedwood sites were tested for stock types (transplant versus container), site preparation (Donaren disc trenching versus no trenching), and plantation types (open versus sheltered) in southeastern Manitoba after eight or nine growing seasons. Mortality of open plantation (32.3%) and container stock (32.5%) were significantly higher than sheltered plantation (23.7%) and transplant stock (22.8%), respectively. Donaren trenching slightly reduced the mortality of black spruce but significantly increased the mortality of white spruce. Seedlings of container stock (110 cm) were significantly shorter than transplant stock (157 cm). Significant difference in height was found between open and sheltered plantations for black spruce but not for white spruce. Root collar diameter of container stock (15.6 mm) was significantly smaller than transplant stock (23.1 mm). Root collar diameter in sheltered plantations was significantly larger than that in open plantations for black spruce but not for white spruce. Black spruce open plantation had significantly smaller volume (97 cm3) compare to black spruce sheltered (210 cm3) and white spruce open (175 cm3) and sheltered (229 cm3) plantations. White spruce open plantations also had smaller volume than white spruce sheltered plantations. Container stock had smaller volume (89 cm3) than transplant stock (267 cm3). For transplant stock, strip plantations had a significantly higher volume (329 cm3) than open plantations (204 cm3). Based on above results, we recommend that (1) transplant stock should be used, (2) sheltered plantation site preparation should be used on boreal mixedwood sites, and (3) Donaren disc-trenching is not necessary for planting white spruce. Key words: silviculture, boreal mixedwood site, plantation

scholarly journals Effects of timing of glyphosate application on jack pine, black spruce, and white spruce plantations in northern Manitoba

2008 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Songling Fu ◽  
Han Y.H. Chen ◽  
F. Wayne Bell ◽  
Mahadev Sharma ◽  
Jeff R Delaney ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Volume Growth ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Repeated Measurements ◽  
Stand Volume ◽  
Root Collar Diameter ◽  
Collar Diameter ◽  
Root Collar

Deferring conifer release treatments is sometimes necessary, but its effects on crop tree performance are not well understood. We investigated the effects of deferring glyphosate applications on jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.), black spruce (Picea mariana [Mill.] BSP), and white spruce (Picea glauca [Moench.] Voss.) plantations established on a dry site with moderate competition and a moist site with heavier competition in The Pas, northern Manitoba. At each site, experimental treatments included no herbicide and one glyphosate (formulated as Vision®) at 1.42 kg acid equivalent glyphosate ha-1 application between one and five years after planting with three replications. Survival, root collar diameter, and height of the three conifers were repeatedly measured for ten consecutive years following planting. Survival of the three conifers was not affected by glyphosate application. For all the three species, root collar diameter and stand volume of crop trees increased significantly in glyphosate-treated plots, compared to control plots. Varying the timing of glyphosate application between year 1 and 5 resulted in a similar conifer dimensions. Glyphosate application significantly improved height growth of black spruce and marginally white spruce, but not jack pine. On these sites, glyphosate reduced the cover of woody species, but grass, forbs and shrubs rapidly captured the newly available growing space. A two variable regression analysis revealed that grass cover negatively affected stand volume of all three conifer species. Cover of tall shrub, forbs, and interaction of cover and height of tall shrubs were the next most important variables to explain jack pine, black spruce, and white spruce volume growth, respectively. Key words: vegetation management, forest herbicides, survival, growth, stand volume, long-term repeated measurements

QUALITY APPRAISAL OF WHITE SPRUCE AND WHITE PINE SEEDLING STOCK IN NURSERIES

1960 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Dickson ◽  
Albert L. Leaf ◽  
John F. Hosner
Keyword(s):  
White Spruce ◽  
Seedling Quality ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Quality Appraisal ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Root Collar Diameter ◽  
Integrated Index ◽  
Collar Diameter ◽  
Shoot Weight ◽  
Root Collar

Total seedling weight, shoot weight and root weight in grams on an oven dry basis, root collar diameter in millimeters, and height in centimeters were used to develop an integrated index of seedling quality.

scholarly journals Genetic Parameters for Bud Flushing and Growth Characteristics of White Spruce Seedlings

2010 ◽  
Vol 59 (1-6) ◽  
pp. 151-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deogratias M. Rweyongeza ◽  
Francis C. Yeh ◽  
N. K. Dhir
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Correlation ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Type B ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Root Collar Diameter ◽  
Seedling Traits ◽  
Collar Diameter ◽  
Bud Flushing ◽  
Root Collar

AbstractWe estimated heritabilities and correlations for bud flushing and growth traits of white spruce seedlings, and the correlations of seedling traits with 10- and 11- year height of the same families in the field. The seedling greenhouse experiment had a randomized complete block design with 30 replications, 58 open-pollinated families and single-tree plots. Individual tree heritability (hi2) was 0.78 and 0.54 for 18 (H18) and 36 (H36)-week total height, respectively. The corresponding heritabilities for family means (hf2) were 0.91 and 0.82. For root collar diameter, hi 2 were respectively, 0.61 and 0.22 at 24 and 54 weeks from germination. The corresponding hf2were 0.87 and 0.55. Heritability for bud flushing ranged from 0.13 to 0.46 (hi2) and 0.44 to 0.83 (hf 2). The genetic correlation (ra) between H18 and H36 was 0.70 and that of D24 and D54 was 0.89, indicating a substantial change in family ranking in one growing season. The type B genetic correlation for H18 with field heights ranged from 0.22 to 0.30. Type B genetic correlations of field height with all other seedling traits were very low and largely negative. It can be concluded that: (1) age-age correlation of seedling height can be expected to decline drastically even in a stable environment of the greenhouse, (2) heritability for growth potential is meaningful when estimated on cumulative growth not on individual annual growth increments that are susceptible to short-term environmental variation, (3) dates of bud flushing did not influence variation in height and root collar diameter, and (4) field growth potential is better predicted by greenhouse growth potential than other morphological and shoot phenological traits.

scholarly journals Seedling Spacing in the Nursery in Relation to Growth, Yield, and Performance of Stock

1984 ◽  
Vol 60 (6) ◽  
pp. 345-355 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. van den Driessche
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Sitka Spruce ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Picea Sitchensis ◽  
Thuja Plicata ◽  
Winter Mortality ◽  
Root Collar Diameter ◽  
Collar Diameter ◽  
Root Collar

In three experiments coastal and interior varieties of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco). Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr), white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench.) Voss), lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia Engelm) and western red cedar (Thuja plicata Donn.) were grown at a range of spacings, within drills 15 cm apart, at four nurseries in coastal British Columbia. In a fourth experiment the frequency distribution of seed spacings achieved with three types of precision seeders was examined.A 1 cm increase in spacing increased seedling dry weight by 0.5–1.5 g and root collar diameter by 0.2–0.25 mm. up to a spacing of about 8–10 cm. Above this spacing response was less. Height of two-year old (2-0) seedlings was increased little, or even decreased by wider spacing. Height:diameter ratios decreased sharply and shoot:root dry weight ratios decreased or remained unchanged with wider spacing. The number of needle primorida in 2-0 Douglas-fir buds increased up to a spacing of 2 cm. The number of first and second order branches was also increased in 2-0 seedlings of this species by wider spacing. Needle dry weight and area measurements suggested Douglas-fir from wider spacing had more sun type needles than those from closer spacing, which had more shade type needles. Only small increases in root growth capacity (RGC) were associated with wider spacing. None of the precision seeders tested achieved anything like perfect precision of seed placement. With irregularity added by 10–20% non-viable seed and winter mortality, truly precision spaced stands of 2-0 seedlings could not be achieved under existing conditions. Increased spacing of 2–5 cm between seedlings, depending on species and nursery, was justified by yield of acceptable seedlings when culling standard was increased to a root collar diameter of about 6 mm.Three years after planting, survival of white spruce was increased 11% by wider spacing in the nursery, and the corresponding value for Sitka spruce two years after planting was 13%. Seedlings of both species from wider spacings maintained a height and diameter advantage over those from close spacing.

scholarly journals Growth of Coniferous Seedlings on a Drained and Mounded Peatland in Central Alberta

2000 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 71-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sam K. Takyi ◽  
Graham R. Hillman
Keyword(s):  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Diameter Growth ◽  
Larix Laricina ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Collar Diameter ◽  
Survival And Growth

Abstract Artificial reforestation experiments compared survival and growth of five species of coniferous containerized seedlings, and seedling browsing by ungulates on a clearcut, drained, and mounded peatland in the boreal forest. Six to seven growing seasons after planting, 91% of all seedlings had survived. Height and diameter growth in five species were ranked as follows: Siberian latch (Larix sibirica Ledeb.) > lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia Engelm.) > tamarack (Larix laricina [Du Roi] K. Koch) > black spruce (Picea mariana [Mill.] B.S.P.) = white spruce(Picea glauca [Moench] Voss). Overall, tamarack height and diameter growth was twice that of either spruce species. Height and diameter growth of tamarack, black spruce, and white spruce planted in the spring was 65% to 97% greater than that of the more robust seedlings for the same species planted in the fall of the same year. Repeated winter browsing by ungulates did not affect survival and growth of the five species. In an experiment where survival and growth of tamarack and black spruce seedlings planted on the mounds were compared with that of seedlings planted on the flat areas between mounds, there were no differences in survival, height, or root collar diameter growth between the two planting sites. In the event that suitable peatlands are used to augment existing timber supplies, lowering the water table through ditching, combined with mound-planting, is a feasible method of reforesting timber-harvested, boreal wet sites with Siberian latch, lodgepole pine, and white spruce. Tamarack and black spruce, however, survive and grow well on drained peatlands without mound-planting. North. J. Appl. For. 17(2):71-79.

Incidence and Performance of Multiple-Leadered Seedlings of Black and White Spruce in Canadian Nurseries

1988 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerry Hofstra ◽  
Cathy M. McLeod ◽  
John Ensing
Keyword(s):  
White Spruce ◽  
Northern Ontario ◽  
Southern Ontario ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Terminal Bud ◽  
Collar Diameter ◽  
Shoot Weight ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Multiple Leaders ◽  
Root Collar

Abstract The incidence of multiple leaders in spruce seedlings was assessed in Ontario nurseries from 1980 to 1984 and in provincial nurseries across Canada in 1982. The occurrence of multiple-leadered seedlings averaged 30 to 40% and at times exceeded 50%. In northern Ontario nurseries, frosts and winter injury appeared responsible. Terminal bud injury resulted in 50 to 90% multiple leadering. In southern Ontario the formation of abnormal buds was the principle cause of multiple-leadered seedlings. The highest incidence of abnormal bud formation was most frequently found in 2 + 0 white spruce. Although 20 to 30% shorter, multiple-leadered seedlings of black and white spruce had the same total shoot weight and root collar diameter as normal seedlings. North. J. Appl. For. 5:99-103, June 1988.

Morphological Effects of Root Pruning and Wrenching White Spruce Transplants

1988 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 245-247
Author(s):  
Lisa J. Buse ◽  
Robert J. Day
Keyword(s):  
Growing Season ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Diameter Growth ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Fibrous Root ◽  
Root Collar Diameter ◽  
Collar Diameter ◽  
Root Collar

Abstract The principal objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of root pruning followed by wrenching on the morphological quality of 2 + 2 white spruce transplant stock during the final year on the nursery. In 1984, white spruce transplants were root pruned: (1) before shoot elongation; (2) during elongation; and (3) after elongation, followed by root wrenching at 28-day intervals until September (4, 3, and 2 times, respectively). In 1985, similar stock was root pruned before shoot elongation and (1) root wrenched at 21-day intervals (4 times), and (2) root wrenched periodically (twice). In both years, height and root collar diameter growth were monitored throughout the season. In the fall, morphological quality was assessed and bud samples were collected to determine the effects of root conditioning on primordia development. Root conditioning modified the morphology of stock in both years by reducing height and root collar diameter and inducing the development of a compact fibrous root system. Early season root pruning followed by wrenching at regular intervals throughout the growing season had the most effect on shoot and root morphology. Differences in results between years were attributed to environment. North. J. Appl. For. 5:245-247, December 1988.

scholarly journals Variability of some morphological traits of one-year old red oak, black walnut, birch and wild pear seedlings in the nurseries of Jastrebac region

2002 ◽  
pp. 147-160
Author(s):  
Milun Krstic ◽  
Nevena Vojinovic
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Black Walnut ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Root Collar Diameter ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Collar Diameter ◽  
One Year ◽  
Root Collar ◽  
Oak Seedlings

Five morphological and quantitative characteristics of one-year old seedlings of Red oak (Quercus rubra L), Black walnut (Juglans nigra L), Wild pear (Pyrus pygrowser Borkh) and Birch (Betula verrucosa Ehrh) were studied. The seedlings were produced and cultivated in the controlled conditions of the nursery in the region of Jastrebac, by the classical method. Aboveground seedling height, root collar diameter, root length, number of secondary roots and the leaf assimilation area were analysed. Intraspecific and interspecific variability of morphological features of the above species were assessed by the comparative analysis and statistical methods The comparative analysis shows the great individual variability of seedlings, which can indicate their genetic potential, adaptation to environment conditions, further spontaneous selection and the development in natural conditions. This justifies the need of the quality assessment and the first selection already in the nursery, in order to ensure the quality planting material and to reduce the risk of afforestation failure One-year old birch seedlings have the lowest average height (18.8 cm). Black walnut and Wild pear seedlings are approximately twice as high, and Red oak about 2.5 times higher. At the same time Red oak seedlings have for about one-fourth greater height than Black walnut, and for one-third greater height than Wild pear. Wild pear seedlings attain the averagely twice larger root collar diameter than Birch (2.8 cm), Red oak seedlings about 2.5 times larger diameter, and Black walnut 3.5 times larger diameter. Black walnut has a larger root collar diameter than Red oak for about one third, and almost twice larger than Wild pear. Birch, Red oak and Wild pear have almost twice longer root (1.8-1.9 times), Black walnut about 2.25 times longer. The total assimilation area of a Birch seedling is averagely 89.0 cm2. Compared to birch, wild pear has approximately double assimilation area per tree, Red oak 10 times larger, Black walnut even 14 times larger assimilation area The analysis of variance shows that the experiment is homogeneous in general, i.e. that variance within the group of the same species per all characteristics is not statistically significant at the level p>0.01. The statistically significant difference was found in the attained heights of one-year old seedlings of Red oak and Birch, as well as between them and other species, while there is no difference between Black walnut and Wild pear. All analysed species differ significantly in root collar diameter of one-year old seedlings. Black walnut and Birch differ significantly in root length, and also compared to other species. There are no statistically significant differences in root length between Red oak and Wild pear. All the analysed species differ statistically significantly per total assimilation area of one seedling .

Interactive effects of carbon dioxide concentration and light on the morphological and biomass characteristics of black spruce and white spruce seedlings

Botany ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob Marfo ◽  
Qing-Lai Dang
Keyword(s):  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Concentration ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Stem Volume ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Root Mass ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Collar Diameter

CO2–light interactions can influence the competition among boreal plants, but are poorly understood. We investigated the effect of such interactions on the growth and biomass of 1-year-old black spruce (Sb) ( Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP) and white spruce (Sw) ( Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) grown with CO2 concentrations ([CO2]) of 360 and 720 µmol·mol–1 under 30%, 50%, and 100% light, in greenhouses. There were significant two-way and three-way interactions. Root collar diameter (RCD) of Sw decreased with decreasing light, while in Sb, there was no significant difference in RCD for plants grown under 50% or 30% light. Height was greater for plants grown under 100% light than if the plants were shaded. Elevated [CO2] increased RCD by 33% and enhanced stem volume by 67%, 98%, and 84% under 100%, 50%, and 30% light, respectively. The CO2 enhancement of total biomass was relatively higher under lower light, and greater for Sb than Sw. Elevated [CO2] decreased specific leaf area under 50% light only. Root mass was generally higher under 100% light than when shaded. Elevated [CO2] increased the root mass of Sb under 100% light, but decreased it under 30% light. Elevated [CO2] decreased the shoot/root ratio under 100% light, but increased it under 30% light. Our data suggest that raising [CO2] will likely increase species competitiveness under low light conditions, and that the increase will be greater in species that are relatively shade tolerant.

scholarly journals Growth of bare root Pinus taeda, L. seedlings cultivated under five densities in nursery

2007 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-29
Author(s):  
José Geraldo de Araújo Carneiro ◽  
Deborah Guerra Barroso ◽  
Luis Maurício da Silva Soares
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Root Collar Diameter ◽  
Plant Densities ◽  
Collar Diameter ◽  
Bare Root ◽  
Pinus Taeda L ◽  
Root Collar ◽  
Dry Matter Weight

Seedlings compete for nutrients, water and light. The available area for each seedling affects their behavior related to requirements for these resources. This experiment evaluated the influence of five plant densities on the growth of bare root Pinus taeda, L. seedlings in a nursery after outplanting. The analyzed characteristics were: height (H), root collar diameter (D), H/D ratio, and dry matter weight. Higher densities stimulated H growth and the lowest densities increased D average and dry matter weight and lowered the H/D ratio. Seedlings were distributed by H, D and H/D classes. Higher densities had a larger number of seedlings in larger H classes. Larger numbers of seedlings with larger D and lower H/D ratios were found in lower densities. Ten months after outplanting the seedlings grown in lower densities had higher survival percentages and growth. Some saplings of standardized heights were uprooted with the objective of studying their root systems. The lowest densities stimulated higher numbers of first and second order roots as well as fresh and dry matter weights of thin roots with mycorrhizae presence. In both parts of the experiment, the density of 278 seedlings m-2 yielded equivalent averages as compared to the lowest densities.

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