scholarly journals Effects of timing of glyphosate application on jack pine, black spruce, and white spruce plantations in northern Manitoba

2008 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Songling Fu ◽  
Han Y.H. Chen ◽  
F. Wayne Bell ◽  
Mahadev Sharma ◽  
Jeff R Delaney ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Volume Growth ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Repeated Measurements ◽  
Stand Volume ◽  
Root Collar Diameter ◽  
Collar Diameter ◽  
Root Collar

Deferring conifer release treatments is sometimes necessary, but its effects on crop tree performance are not well understood. We investigated the effects of deferring glyphosate applications on jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.), black spruce (Picea mariana [Mill.] BSP), and white spruce (Picea glauca [Moench.] Voss.) plantations established on a dry site with moderate competition and a moist site with heavier competition in The Pas, northern Manitoba. At each site, experimental treatments included no herbicide and one glyphosate (formulated as Vision®) at 1.42 kg acid equivalent glyphosate ha-1 application between one and five years after planting with three replications. Survival, root collar diameter, and height of the three conifers were repeatedly measured for ten consecutive years following planting. Survival of the three conifers was not affected by glyphosate application. For all the three species, root collar diameter and stand volume of crop trees increased significantly in glyphosate-treated plots, compared to control plots. Varying the timing of glyphosate application between year 1 and 5 resulted in a similar conifer dimensions. Glyphosate application significantly improved height growth of black spruce and marginally white spruce, but not jack pine. On these sites, glyphosate reduced the cover of woody species, but grass, forbs and shrubs rapidly captured the newly available growing space. A two variable regression analysis revealed that grass cover negatively affected stand volume of all three conifer species. Cover of tall shrub, forbs, and interaction of cover and height of tall shrubs were the next most important variables to explain jack pine, black spruce, and white spruce volume growth, respectively. Key words: vegetation management, forest herbicides, survival, growth, stand volume, long-term repeated measurements

Survival and growth of black and white spruce seedlings in relation to stock type, site preparation and plantation type in southeastern Manitoba

2000 ◽  
Vol 76 (5) ◽  
pp. 775-782 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Geoff Wang ◽  
J. Aurea Siemens ◽  
Vince Keenan ◽  
Daniel Philippot
Keyword(s):  
Black Spruce ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Site Preparation ◽  
Root Collar Diameter ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Collar Diameter ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
Open Versus ◽  
Root Collar

Differences in survival and growth of black and white spruce seedlings planted on boreal mixedwood sites were tested for stock types (transplant versus container), site preparation (Donaren disc trenching versus no trenching), and plantation types (open versus sheltered) in southeastern Manitoba after eight or nine growing seasons. Mortality of open plantation (32.3%) and container stock (32.5%) were significantly higher than sheltered plantation (23.7%) and transplant stock (22.8%), respectively. Donaren trenching slightly reduced the mortality of black spruce but significantly increased the mortality of white spruce. Seedlings of container stock (110 cm) were significantly shorter than transplant stock (157 cm). Significant difference in height was found between open and sheltered plantations for black spruce but not for white spruce. Root collar diameter of container stock (15.6 mm) was significantly smaller than transplant stock (23.1 mm). Root collar diameter in sheltered plantations was significantly larger than that in open plantations for black spruce but not for white spruce. Black spruce open plantation had significantly smaller volume (97 cm3) compare to black spruce sheltered (210 cm3) and white spruce open (175 cm3) and sheltered (229 cm3) plantations. White spruce open plantations also had smaller volume than white spruce sheltered plantations. Container stock had smaller volume (89 cm3) than transplant stock (267 cm3). For transplant stock, strip plantations had a significantly higher volume (329 cm3) than open plantations (204 cm3). Based on above results, we recommend that (1) transplant stock should be used, (2) sheltered plantation site preparation should be used on boreal mixedwood sites, and (3) Donaren disc-trenching is not necessary for planting white spruce. Key words: silviculture, boreal mixedwood site, plantation

scholarly journals Cold hardiness of white spruce, black spruce, jack pine, and lodgepole pine needles during dehardening

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (8) ◽  
pp. 1116-1122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rongzhou Man ◽  
Pengxin Lu ◽  
Qing-Lai Dang
Keyword(s):  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Visual Assessment ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Pine Needles ◽  
Late Winter

Conifer winter damage results primarily from loss of cold hardiness during unseasonably warm days in late winter and early spring, and such damage may increase in frequency and severity under a warming climate. In this study, the dehardening dynamics of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex. Loud), jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.), white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss), and black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) were examined in relation to thermal accumulation during artificial dehardening in winter (December) and spring (March) using relative electrolyte leakage and visual assessment of pine needles and spruce shoots. Results indicated that all four species dehardened at a similar rate and to a similar extent, despite considerably different thermal accumulation requirements. Spring dehardening was comparatively faster, with black spruce slightly hardier than the other conifers at the late stage of spring dehardening. The difference, however, was relatively small and did not afford black spruce significant protection during seedling freezing tests prior to budbreak in late March and early May. The dehardening curves and models developed in this study may serve as a tool to predict cold hardiness by temperature and to understand the potential risks of conifer cold injury during warming–freezing events prior to budbreak.

QUALITY APPRAISAL OF WHITE SPRUCE AND WHITE PINE SEEDLING STOCK IN NURSERIES

1960 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Dickson ◽  
Albert L. Leaf ◽  
John F. Hosner
Keyword(s):  
White Spruce ◽  
Seedling Quality ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Quality Appraisal ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Root Collar Diameter ◽  
Integrated Index ◽  
Collar Diameter ◽  
Shoot Weight ◽  
Root Collar

Total seedling weight, shoot weight and root weight in grams on an oven dry basis, root collar diameter in millimeters, and height in centimeters were used to develop an integrated index of seedling quality.

scholarly journals Genetic Parameters for Bud Flushing and Growth Characteristics of White Spruce Seedlings

2010 ◽  
Vol 59 (1-6) ◽  
pp. 151-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deogratias M. Rweyongeza ◽  
Francis C. Yeh ◽  
N. K. Dhir
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Correlation ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Type B ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Root Collar Diameter ◽  
Seedling Traits ◽  
Collar Diameter ◽  
Bud Flushing ◽  
Root Collar

AbstractWe estimated heritabilities and correlations for bud flushing and growth traits of white spruce seedlings, and the correlations of seedling traits with 10- and 11- year height of the same families in the field. The seedling greenhouse experiment had a randomized complete block design with 30 replications, 58 open-pollinated families and single-tree plots. Individual tree heritability (hi2) was 0.78 and 0.54 for 18 (H18) and 36 (H36)-week total height, respectively. The corresponding heritabilities for family means (hf2) were 0.91 and 0.82. For root collar diameter, hi 2 were respectively, 0.61 and 0.22 at 24 and 54 weeks from germination. The corresponding hf2were 0.87 and 0.55. Heritability for bud flushing ranged from 0.13 to 0.46 (hi2) and 0.44 to 0.83 (hf 2). The genetic correlation (ra) between H18 and H36 was 0.70 and that of D24 and D54 was 0.89, indicating a substantial change in family ranking in one growing season. The type B genetic correlation for H18 with field heights ranged from 0.22 to 0.30. Type B genetic correlations of field height with all other seedling traits were very low and largely negative. It can be concluded that: (1) age-age correlation of seedling height can be expected to decline drastically even in a stable environment of the greenhouse, (2) heritability for growth potential is meaningful when estimated on cumulative growth not on individual annual growth increments that are susceptible to short-term environmental variation, (3) dates of bud flushing did not influence variation in height and root collar diameter, and (4) field growth potential is better predicted by greenhouse growth potential than other morphological and shoot phenological traits.

scholarly journals Shelter Spot Seeding Trials with Jack Pine, Black Spruce and White Spruce in Northern Ontario

1986 ◽  
Vol 62 (5) ◽  
pp. 446-450 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. W. J. Dominy ◽  
J. E. Wood
Keyword(s):  
Picea Mariana ◽  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Medium Sand ◽  
Northern Ontario ◽  
Bare Spot ◽  
Height Data

Seeding trials were established on four different sites in northern Ontario (46°41′N to 49°19′N) in 1979 and 1980. Jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) was seeded on two medium sand sites, black spruce (Picea mariana [Mill.] B.S.P.) on a sandy clay site, and white spruce (P. glauca [Moench] Voss) on a clay site. Conventional bare spot seeding was compared with spot seeding under Finnish-designed plastic shelters. At least two seeding dates were compared in each trial. Third- and fifth-year stocking and fifth-year height data are presented.Stocking of all three species was increased, regardless of sowing date, when shelters were used. With the exception of June-sown black spruce and one June sowing of jack pine, height growth was not significantly improved through the use of seed shelters. Shelters may prove to be a viable regeneration option only on cooler, exposed sites with little vegetative competition. Key words: Shelter spot seeding, bare spot seeding, Pinus banksiana Lamb., Picea mariana [Mill.] B.S.P., P. glauca [Moench] Voss.

scholarly journals Effects of winter warming on cold hardiness and spring budbreak of four boreal conifers

Botany ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 94 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rongzhou Man ◽  
Steve Colombo ◽  
Pengxin Lu ◽  
Qing-Lai Dang
Keyword(s):  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Temperature Fluctuations ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Experimental Warming ◽  
Freezing Damage

Compared with the effects of spring frosts on opening buds or newly flushed tissues, winter freezing damage to conifers, owing to temperature fluctuations prior to budbreak, is rare and less known. In this study, changes in cold hardiness (measured based on electrolyte leakage and needle damage) and spring budbreak were assessed to examine the responses of four boreal conifer species — black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.), white spruce (Picea glauca) (Moench) Voss), jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.), and lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex. Loud.) — to different durations of experimental warming (16 °C day to –2 °C night with a 10 h photoperiod, except for night temperatures during November warming (+2 °C)). Seedlings showed increased responses to warming from November to March, while the capacity to regain the cold hardiness lost to warming decreased during the same period. This suggests an increasing vulnerability of conifers to temperature fluctuations and freezing damage with the progress of chilling and dormancy release from fall to spring. Both lodgepole pine and jack pine initiated spring growth earlier and had greater responses to experimental warming in bud phenology than black spruce and white spruce, suggesting a greater potential risk of frost/freezing damage to pine trees in the spring.

Are mineral soils exposed by severe wildfire better seedbeds for conifer regeneration?

2006 ◽  
Vol 36 (8) ◽  
pp. 1943-1950 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin J Kemball ◽  
G. Geoff Wang ◽  
A Richard Westwood
Keyword(s):  
Populus Tremuloides ◽  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Seedling Recruitment ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Conifer Regeneration ◽  
Mineral Soils

We examined jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.), black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP), and white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) seed germination and seedling recruitment in aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) and conifer mixedwood stands following the 1999 Black River fire in southeastern Manitoba, Canada. Three postfire seedbed types were tested: scorched (surface litter only partially consumed), lightly burned (surface litter consumed with little or no duff consumption), and severely burned (complete consumption of litter and duff exposing mineral soil). Seeds were sown in 1999, 2000, and 2001, and each cohort was monitored for 3 years. In 1999, severely burned seedbeds had poor germination, while scorched seedbeds had the highest germination. The reverse was true in 2001. After the first growing season, continued survival of seedlings was greater on severely burned seedbeds for all three cohorts. However, better survival on severely burned seedbeds was not sufficient to overcome poor germination in 1999 and 2000. When using artificial seeding to promote conifer regeneration, we recommend a delay of one full year after a severe spring fire for jack pine and two full years for black spruce and white spruce on boreal aspen and conifer mixedwood sites.

Effects of fire severity on early survival and growth of planted jack pine, black spruce and white spruce

2010 ◽  
Vol 86 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Geoff Wang ◽  
Kevin J Kemball
Keyword(s):  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Picea Mariana ◽  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Fire Severity ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
Early Survival

Two boreal mixedwood stands burned by the 1999 Black River wildfire in southeastern Manitoba, Canada were selected to study the effect of fire severity on early survival and growth of planted jack pine (Pinus banksiana), black spruce (Picea mariana) and white spruce (Picea glauca) seedlings. In each stand, three fire severity classes (scorched, lightly burned, and severely burned) were identified based on the degree of forest floor consumption. Fire severity was not a significant factor on mortality. No mortality difference was found among species, except for year 5 when jack pine had significantly higher mortality than both black spruce and white spruce. Jack pine and black spruce had their highest mortality in year 4, while white spruce had its highest mortality in year 1. Under natural competition, seedling growth increased with increasing fire severity. When competition was removed, fire severity did not affect seedling growth. Regardless of fire severity and competition, jack pine had better diameter and height growth than black spruce, which, in turn, grew slightly taller than white spruce. Planted seedlings faced less intense vegetation competition on severely burned plots compared to scorched or lightly burned plots. Regardless of fire severity and species, competition increased with time since planting. Our study results indicate that planting immediately after a wildfire is a viable option to establish conifer components on burned boreal mixedwood stands. Key words: fire severity, plantation, regeneration, Pinus banksiana, Picea mariana, Picea glauca

scholarly journals Seedling Spacing in the Nursery in Relation to Growth, Yield, and Performance of Stock

1984 ◽  
Vol 60 (6) ◽  
pp. 345-355 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. van den Driessche
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Sitka Spruce ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Picea Sitchensis ◽  
Thuja Plicata ◽  
Winter Mortality ◽  
Root Collar Diameter ◽  
Collar Diameter ◽  
Root Collar

In three experiments coastal and interior varieties of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco). Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr), white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench.) Voss), lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia Engelm) and western red cedar (Thuja plicata Donn.) were grown at a range of spacings, within drills 15 cm apart, at four nurseries in coastal British Columbia. In a fourth experiment the frequency distribution of seed spacings achieved with three types of precision seeders was examined.A 1 cm increase in spacing increased seedling dry weight by 0.5–1.5 g and root collar diameter by 0.2–0.25 mm. up to a spacing of about 8–10 cm. Above this spacing response was less. Height of two-year old (2-0) seedlings was increased little, or even decreased by wider spacing. Height:diameter ratios decreased sharply and shoot:root dry weight ratios decreased or remained unchanged with wider spacing. The number of needle primorida in 2-0 Douglas-fir buds increased up to a spacing of 2 cm. The number of first and second order branches was also increased in 2-0 seedlings of this species by wider spacing. Needle dry weight and area measurements suggested Douglas-fir from wider spacing had more sun type needles than those from closer spacing, which had more shade type needles. Only small increases in root growth capacity (RGC) were associated with wider spacing. None of the precision seeders tested achieved anything like perfect precision of seed placement. With irregularity added by 10–20% non-viable seed and winter mortality, truly precision spaced stands of 2-0 seedlings could not be achieved under existing conditions. Increased spacing of 2–5 cm between seedlings, depending on species and nursery, was justified by yield of acceptable seedlings when culling standard was increased to a root collar diameter of about 6 mm.Three years after planting, survival of white spruce was increased 11% by wider spacing in the nursery, and the corresponding value for Sitka spruce two years after planting was 13%. Seedlings of both species from wider spacings maintained a height and diameter advantage over those from close spacing.

Vertical patterns in specific volume increment along stems of dominant jack pine (Pinus banksiana) and black spruce (Picea mariana) after thinning

2012 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 733-748 ◽  
Author(s):  
Venceslas Goudiaby ◽  
Suzanne Brais ◽  
Frank Berninger ◽  
Robert Schneider
Keyword(s):  
Picea Mariana ◽  
Specific Volume ◽  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Mass Density ◽  
Volume Growth ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Stem Volume ◽  
Volume Increment ◽  
Foliage Density

Jack pine ( Pinus banksiana Lamb.) and black spruce ( Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) total stem volume increment and vertical growth distribution after thinning were quantified and related to foliage biomass, foliage density, and growth efficiency (GE) (stem to foliage biomass ratio). Significant positive stem volume increments were observed following thinning for jack pine (3 years after) and black spruce (4 years after). Both species reacted differently in terms of the distribution in specific volume increments (SVI) (annual stem volume increment to cambial surface ratio): (i) for jack pine, an increase in SVI was first observed at the base of the tree, with the increase moving upwards, showing that the taper was likely to increase following thinning and (ii) for black spruce, the vertical distribution of SVI was constant, leading to no modifications in stem taper. For jack pine, total stem volume growth was related to an increase in GE and a greater foliage biomass at midcrown, with foliage density staying constant. For black spruce, however, no changes in GE, foliage biomass, and foliage mass density were observed.

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