scholarly journals 1397. Long term impact of the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine use in infant immunization program on all-cause pneumonia hospitalizations in British Columbia, Canada: a time series analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S708-S708
Author(s):  
Nirma Khatri Vadlamudi ◽  
David M Patrick ◽  
Linda Hoang ◽  
Caren Rose ◽  
Mohsen Sadatsafavi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Time Series ◽  
Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Immunization Program ◽  
Modest Increase ◽  
Hospitalization Rates ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Research Grant

Abstract Background Pneumonia is a leading cause of hospitalization and in-patient mortality globally. We determined the impact of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) use on all-cause pneumonia hospitalization rates eight years after the vaccine was introduced in British Columbia, Canada. Methods Routine administrative databases, such as, hospital discharge abstract databases, registry and demographics were used to build the cohort. Overall and age-specific all-cause pneumonia hospital admissions per month (Jan 2000 to Dec 2018) for those aged < 2 years, 2-5 years, 6-17 years, 18-64 years and ≥ 65 years were obtained using International Classification of Diseases 9 and 10 codes (480-486, J12-J18). Changes in the all-cause pneumonia hospitalization incidence rates before and after the PCV13 vaccine program introduction were evaluated using a negative binomial regression and time-series modelling while adjusting for seasonality, influenza-likeness illnesses, 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) program and pre-PCV13 vaccine secular trends. Results Long term use of the PCV13 vaccine in the infant immunization program was associated with significant declines in all-cause pneumonia hospitalization rates among all children, < 2 years (IRR: 0.63; 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 0.59-0.67), 2-5 years (IRR: 0.82; 95%CI: 0.77-0.87) and 6-17 years (IRR: 0.73; 95%CI: 0.69-0.78). All-cause pneumonia rates did not change significantly in those aged 18-64 years (IRR: 0.98; 95%CI: 0.96-1), whereas a modest increase was observed in those 65 years and over (IRR: 1.05; 95%CI: 1.02-1.07). Consequently, we did not observe significant change in the overall rate (IRR: 1.02; 95%CI: 1-1.02). Conclusion Significant reduction in all-cause pneumonia hospitalization rates in children demonstrates long term beneficial effect of PCV13 use. A modest increase in all-cause pneumonia hospitalization rates in adults aged 65 years and over indicates a need for further microbial investigation. Disclosures Nirma Khatri Vadlamudi, BA, BS, MPH, Pfizer Inc (Research Grant or Support) Fawziah Marra, BSc (Pharm), PharmD, Pfizer Inc (Research Grant or Support)

scholarly journals The impact and cost-effectiveness of introducing the 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine into the paediatric immunisation programme in Iceland—A population-based time series analysis

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. e0249497
Author(s):  
Elias Eythorsson ◽  
Tinna L. Ásgeirsdóttir ◽  
Helga Erlendsdóttir ◽  
Birgir Hrafnkelsson ◽  
Karl G. Kristinsson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Time Series Analysis ◽  
Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Immunisation Programme ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Series Analysis ◽  
Rate Ratios ◽  
The Impact

Introduction Streptococcus pneumoniae is a cause of infections that range in severity from acute otitis media (AOM) to pneumonia and invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD). The 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PHiD-CV10) was introduced into the Icelandic paediatric immunisation programme in 2011. The aim was to estimate the population impact and cost-effectiveness of PHiD-CV10 introduction. Methods Data on primary care visits from 2005–2015 and hospitalisations from 2005–2017 were obtained from population-based registries. A Bayesian time series analysis with synthetic controls was employed to estimate the number of cases of AOM, pneumonia and IPD that would have occurred between 2013–2017, had PHiD-CV10 not been introduced. Prevented cases were calculated by subtracting the observed number of cases from this estimate. The cost of the programme was calculated accounting for cost-savings due to prevented cases. Results The introduction of PHiD-CV10 prevented 13,767 (95% credible interval [CI] 2,511–29,410) visits for AOM from 2013–2015, and prevented 1,814 (95%CI -523-4,512) hospitalisations for pneumonia and 53 (95%CI -17-177) admissions for IPD from 2013–2017. Visits for AOM decreased both among young children and among children 4–19 years of age, with rate ratios between 0.72–0.89. Decreases were observed in both pneumonia hospitalisations (rate ratios between 0.67–0.92) and IPD (rate ratios between 0.27–0.94). The total cost of implementing PHiD-CV10 in Iceland was -7,463,176 United States Dollars (USD) (95%CI -16,159,551–582,135) with 2.1 USD (95%CI 0.2–4.7) saved for every 1 USD spent. Conclusions The introduction of PHiD-CV10 was associated with large decreases in visits and hospitalisations for infections commonly caused by pneumococcus and was cost-saving during the first five years of the immunisation programme.

scholarly journals Impact of the introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on rates of community acquired pneumonia in children in northeast Brazil

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. e8679108875
Author(s):  
Hellen Renatta Leopoldino Medeiros ◽  
Eitan Naaman Berezin
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Hospital Admissions ◽  
Disease Process ◽  
Cultural Issues ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Multiple Variables ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

Evaluating the impact of the 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on the hospitalization of children under five years of age before and after its implementation in the city of Patos, PB – Brazil. The first part of this paper comprises a descriptive study with a transversal approach; the data were collected through scrutiny of the patients’ hospital records. For that effect, every medical record found from 2005 until 2015 (periods before and after the introduction of the PVC10 to the Brazilian vaccination schedule) were examined, the ones diagnosed with pneumonia were selected and those that belonged to children from Patos were analysed. The second part includes an ecological time series, whose data were collected from the Paraiba State 6thRegional Health Section database to access information from the National Immunization Program Information System (NIP-IS). It has been found that there were 1,094 hospitalizations for pneumonia on children under 5 years of age within the ten-year-period investigated. The data confirm a declining tendency of hospital admissions for pneumonia in the city of Patos-PB in the analyzed time series, and the PVC10 vaccination coverage has been effective in the analyzed municipality. Despite the declining tendency, the number of cases is still considerably high. Being aware that in the health-disease process children’s hospitalizations are caused by multiple variables including social, economic and cultural issues, it is fundamental the establishment of public policies as well as active surveillance that continuously evaluates the profiles and occurrences of pneumonia cases in Brazil.

scholarly journals Impact of 13-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine on Meningitis and Pneumonia Hospitalizations in Children aged <5 Years in Senegal, 2010–2016

2019 ◽  
Vol 69 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. S66-S71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Papa M Faye ◽  
Mouhamadou A Sonko ◽  
Amadou Diop ◽  
Aliou Thiongane ◽  
Idrissa D Ba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Discharge Diagnosis ◽  
Pediatric Hospital ◽  
Meningitis Belt ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Long Term Impact

Abstract Background Senegal introduced a 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) in October 2013, given at 6, 10, and 14 weeks of age. We document trends of meningitis and pneumonia after the PCV13 introduction. Methods From October 2010–October 2016, hospitalization data for clinical meningitis and pneumonia in children aged <5 years were collected from logbooks at a large, tertiary, pediatric hospital in Dakar. We used a set of predetermined keywords to define hospitalizations for extraction from hospital registers. We conducted a time-series analysis and compared hospitalizations before and after the PCV13 introduction, accounting for seasonality. The initial PCV13 uptake period (October 2013–September 2014) was considered to be transitional and was excluded. Results Over the 7-year period, 1836 and 889 hospitalizations with a discharge diagnosis of pneumonia and meningitis, respectively, occurred in children aged <5 years. In children aged <12 months, a small, significant reduction in pneumonia was observed post-PCV13 (−3.8%, 95% confidence interval [CI] −1.5 to −5.9%). No decline was observed among children aged 12–59 months (−0.7%, 95% CI −0.8 to 2.2%). Meningitis hospitalizations remained stable for children aged <12 months (1.8%, 95% CI −0.9 to 4.4%) and 12–59 months (−0.5%, 95% CI −3.6 to 2.6%). Conclusions We used data from 1 hospital to detect a small, significant reduction in all-cause pneumonia hospitalizations 2 years post-PCV13 introduction in infants; the same trend was not measurable in children aged 12–59 months or in meningitis cases. There is a need for continued surveillance to assess the long-term impact of sustained PCV13 use and to monitor how pneumococcus is causing disease in the meningitis belt.

scholarly journals Assessing Stream-Aquifer Connectivity in a Coastal California Watershed

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 416
Author(s):  
Bwalya Malama ◽  
Devin Pritchard-Peterson ◽  
John J. Jasbinsek ◽  
Christopher Surfleet
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Spectral Analysis ◽  
Water Level ◽  
Time Series Data ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Low Permeability ◽  
Pumping Tests ◽  
Stream Flows ◽  
The Impact

We report the results of field and laboratory investigations of stream-aquifer interactions in a watershed along the California coast to assess the impact of groundwater pumping for irrigation on stream flows. The methods used include subsurface sediment sampling using direct-push drilling, laboratory permeability and particle size analyses of sediment, piezometer installation and instrumentation, stream discharge and stage monitoring, pumping tests for aquifer characterization, resistivity surveys, and long-term passive monitoring of stream stage and groundwater levels. Spectral analysis of long-term water level data was used to assess correlation between stream and groundwater level time series data. The investigations revealed the presence of a thin low permeability silt-clay aquitard unit between the main aquifer and the stream. This suggested a three layer conceptual model of the subsurface comprising unconfined and confined aquifers separated by an aquitard layer. This was broadly confirmed by resistivity surveys and pumping tests, the latter of which indicated the occurrence of leakage across the aquitard. The aquitard was determined to be 2–3 orders of magnitude less permeable than the aquifer, which is indicative of weak stream-aquifer connectivity and was confirmed by spectral analysis of stream-aquifer water level time series. The results illustrate the importance of site-specific investigations and suggest that even in systems where the stream is not in direct hydraulic contact with the producing aquifer, long-term stream depletion can occur due to leakage across low permeability units. This has implications for management of stream flows, groundwater abstraction, and water resources management during prolonged periods of drought.

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