Drug resistance in HIV-positive adults during the initial year of antiretroviral treatment at Ethiopian health centers
Abstract Objectives The increasing prevalence of antiretroviral drug resistance in sub-Saharan Africa threatens the success of HIV programs. We have characterized patterns of drug resistance mutations (DRM) during the initial year of antiretroviral treatment (ART) in HIV-positive adults receiving care at Ethiopian health centers and investigated the impact of tuberculosis on DRM acquisition. Methods Participants were identified from a cohort of ART-naïve individuals aged ≥18 years, all of whom had been investigated for active tuberculosis at inclusion. Individuals with viral load (VL) data at 6 and/or 12 months after ART initiation were selected for this study. Genotypic testing was performed on samples with VL≥500 copies/mL obtained on these occasions, and on pre-ART samples from those with detectable DRM during ART. Logistic regression analysis was used to investigate the association between DRM acquisition and tuberculosis. Results Among 621 included individuals (110 [17.5%] with concomitant tuberculosis), 101/621 (16.3%) had VL≥500 copies/mL at 6 and/or 12 months. DRM were detected in 64/98 cases with successful genotyping (65.3%). DRM were detected in 7/56 (12.5%) pre-ART samples from these individuals. High pre-ART VL and low mid-upper arm circumference were associated with increased risk of DRM acquisition, whereas no such association was found for concomitant tuberculosis. Conclusions Among adults receiving health-center based ART in Ethiopia, most patients without virological suppression during the first year of ART had detectable DRM. Acquisition of DRM during this period was the dominant cause of antiretroviral drug resistance in this setting. Tuberculosis did not increase the risk of DRM acquisition.