An Economy of Innovative Dynamism

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Arthur M. Diamond
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Business Model ◽  
The United States ◽  
Horizontal Mergers ◽  
Ordinary People ◽  
Light Bulb ◽  
Process Innovations ◽  
Technology Industry

Economies have grown where innovative dynamism has flourished, especially in the United States from roughly 1830 to 1930. Innovations are not inevitable, but occur when inventors can invent and entrepreneurs can innovate. Individual inventors matter and are scarce. Thomas Edison was not the only one to invent a light bulb but was the first to invent a bulb that would stay lit at a price that ordinary people could afford. Leapfrog competition occurs when an innovation improves on, and at least partly replaces, an older technology. The best size for a firm varies with technology, industry, and business model. With John D. Rockefeller’s process innovations, Standard Oil succeeded as a big firm. But horizontal mergers failed in many other industries during the same period. Big incumbent firms can implement innovations, but are disadvantaged at starting breakthrough innovations. Baldwin Locomotive and Netscape illustrate that firms can contribute and then exit with honor.

The Business of Journalism and Studying the Journalism Business

2021 ◽  
pp. 137-150
Author(s):  
Nikki Usher ◽  
Mark Poepsel
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Business Model ◽  
Business Models ◽  
The United States ◽  
Is Research ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Social Landscapes ◽  
Current Business

This chapter challenges the conventional assumption that journalism can be saved through a singular business model. We argue, using examples from the United States, that scholars and journalists need to be more holistically engaged with the economics of media more generally, and different types of journalism beyond newspaper and digital-first outlets. Second, scholars and journalists need to be more intellectually honest about their aims in conducting this research: Is research on news business models aimed at propping up corporate-funded journalism? What is the purpose of critiquing current business models, and are the solutions proposed really tenable or equitable within current political and social landscapes? Third, universities should consider their strengths and limitations in serving as potential “bubbles” for innovation, experimentation, and insulation from commercial pressures.

Disaster Citizenship

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob A. C. Remes
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Working Class ◽  
Social Workers ◽  
Progressive Era ◽  
Family Members ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ordinary People ◽  
Self Help ◽  
Emergency Powers ◽  
Social Landscape

A century ago, governments buoyed by Progressive Era beliefs began to assume greater responsibility for protecting and rescuing citizens. Yet the aftermath of two disasters in the United States–Canada borderlands—the Salem fire of 1914 and the Halifax explosion of 1917—saw working-class survivors instead turn to friends, neighbors, coworkers, and family members for succor and aid. This book draws on histories of the Salem and Halifax events to explore the institutions—both formal and informal—that ordinary people relied upon in times of crisis. It explores patterns and traditions of self-help, informal order, and solidarity and details how people adapted these traditions when necessary. Yet, as the book shows, these methods—though often quick and effective—remained illegible to reformers. Indeed, soldiers, social workers, and reformers wielding extraordinary emergency powers challenged these grassroots practices to impose progressive “solutions” on what they wrongly imagined to be a fractured social landscape.

Edward Schatz on Manar Shorbagy

2017 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Foreign Policy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ordinary People ◽  
Obama Administration ◽  
Political Actors ◽  
Global Perspectives ◽  
Policy Choices ◽  
Patterns Of Behavior ◽  
Modes Of Engagement

This essay is a response to Manar Shorbagy’s contribution in this book, Global Perspectives on the United States. It argues that Shorbagy is correct in stating that U.S. policy in the region produces the very resistance to its policies that it seeks to undermine, but it also wants to extend the argument beyond analysis of policies. Schatz, for example, insists that ordinary people and political actors form their opinions and pursue their agendas not solely based on policy calculations, and he stresses that this is more important than Shorbagy’s essay presents. He asks several questions in his response to Shorbagy’s analysis of Kefaya: (1) Is Kefaya likely to survive the Obama Administration, the next U.S. president, their different foreign policy choices, and at times very different rhetoric, given its trans-ideological nature uniting Islamists and secular democrats? (2) Will Kefaya need to move beyond critiques of “foreign threats and political despotism” and demonstrate its efficacy to the broader public? And (3) is it possible that the new U.S. administration could engineer new modes of engagement in the region that are much less beholden to old patterns of behavior?

Ancestors, Computers, and Other Mixed Messages: Ambiguity and Euthanasia in Japan

2001 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
SUSAN ORPETT LONG
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
Assisted Suicide ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cultural Norms ◽  
Ordinary People ◽  
Physician Assisted Suicide ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Societal Level ◽  
Mixed Messages

Ethical questions about end-of-life treatment present themselves at two levels. In clinical situations, patients, families, and healthcare workers sift through ambivalent feelings and conflicting values as they try to resolve questions in particular circumstances. In a very different way, at the societal level, policy makers, lawyers, and bioethicists attempt to determine the best policies and laws to regulate practices about which there are a variety of deeply held beliefs. In the United States we have tried a number of ways to resolve the societal-level issues. We have ignored them, argued to try to convince others of our beliefs, voted to let the majority determine what is right or wrong, and turned to the courts to decide, as in the cases of Karen Ann Quinlan, Nancy Cruzan, and Jack Kervorkian. Yet none of these approaches has yet left us with comfortable, unambiguous cultural norms about issues such as euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide, which are readily assumed by “ordinary people” as they face individual and interpersonal dilemmas.

Simple Rules for a Network Efficiency Business Model: The Case of Vizio

2019 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 84-103
Author(s):  
Sayan Chatterjee ◽  
Kurt Matzler
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Business Model ◽  
Business Models ◽  
The United States ◽  
Sharing Economy ◽  
Network Efficiency ◽  
Flat Panel ◽  
Market Strategy ◽  
Systematic Process ◽  
Simple Rules

Business models that unlock efficiency across entire networks are becoming increasingly common in the so-called sharing economy. However, the principles underlying these models can also be used in B2B settings. This article proposes some simple rules that managers can use in a systematic process to build similar disruptive business models. It illustrates these rules by deconstructing the go-to-market strategy that resulted in Vizio becoming the dominant flat panel TV vendor in the United States.

Accounting for Differences

2018 ◽  
pp. 20-33
Author(s):  
Michèle Lamont ◽  
Graziella Moraes Silva ◽  
Jessica S. Welburn ◽  
Joshua Guetzkow ◽  
Nissim Mizrachi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Psychology ◽  
United States ◽  
Comparative Literature ◽  
Race And Ethnicity ◽  
Institutional Context ◽  
The United States ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Ordinary People ◽  
Cultural Repertoires

This chapter describes the multidimensional framework used to explain the quotidian experiences and responses of ordinary people to ethnoracial exclusion. The framework analytically distinguishes between three dimensions to make sense of how they influence the ways in which each ethnoracial group (from Brazil, Israel, and the United States) experiences ethnoracial exclusion. These dimensions pertain to history and the socioeconomic and institutional context; the strength and mode of groupness; and available cultural repertoires. The chapter considers how various explanatory dimensions are articulated differently in each case, arguing that a combination of elements interact with cultural repertoires and groupness to enable various types of excluding experiences and responses to those experiences across contexts. It also relates these themes to several approaches in the literature, including social psychology and the comparative literature on race and ethnicity.

The Making of an Alliance

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Tal
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Political Culture ◽  
The United States ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Ordinary People ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Prime Ministers ◽  
Realist Approach ◽  
Special Relations

Laying the foundation for an understanding of US-Israeli relations, this lively and accessible book provides critical background on the origins and development of the 'special' relations between Israel and the United States. Questioning the usual neo-realist approach to understanding this relationship, David Tal instead suggests that the relations between the two nations were constructed on idealism, political culture, and strategic ties. Based on a diverse range of primary sources collected in archives in both Israel and the United States, The Making of an Alliance discusses the development of relations built through constant contact between people and ideas, showing how presidents and Prime Ministers, state officials, and ordinary people from both countries, impacted one another. It was this constancy of religion, values, and history, serving the bedrock of the relations between the two countries and peoples, over which the ephemeral was negotiated.

Nation-States, Empires, Wars, Hostilities

2021 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 367-379
Author(s):  
Cheyney Ryan
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ordinary People ◽  
Western Countries ◽  
Nation States ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
War Machine ◽  
New Type

AbstractA starting point for thinking about war and preparations for war is that today the average citizen in Western countries has absolutely no interest in fighting in a war him or herself. The best study of this phenomenon rightly notes that what might be called the “great refusal” of ordinary people to involve themselves in actual war making reflects what might be called the “great disillusionment” with war itself. However, this has not meant the end of war, or of preparations for war, but rather war's transformation from a “nationalized” to a “postnationalized” arrangement. For the United States, this has meant expansion into a new type of empire. As part of the symposium on Ned Dobos's Ethics, Security, and the War-Machine, this essay explores these developments and the challenges they pose.

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