Funding Entrepreneurs

2019 ◽  
pp. 153-166
Author(s):  
Arthur M. Diamond
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mortgage Loans ◽  
Walt Disney ◽  
Stages Of Growth ◽  
Entrepreneurial Firm ◽  
Steve Jobs

At the key early stage of most breakthrough innovations, when innovative ideas are hardest to communicate and most widely doubted, the innovations will be largely self-funded through job income, mortgage loans, or family investments. Many examples illustrate early self-funding, including Walt Disney, Frederic Tudor, Soichiro Honda, Steve Jobs, and Harold Hamm. Self-funding remains important at later stages of growth of the entrepreneurial firm because it allows the original innovative entrepreneur to maintain the enough control to continue innovating. This is especially important for project entrepreneurs. Centrally planned funders, such as MITI in Japan or DARPA in the United States, are unlikely to be the main agents of breakthrough innovations. Self-funding is easier to achieve when taxes are limited. The garage is the symbol of the importance of self-funding, where the inventor does not need to ask permission to invent, and the entrepreneur does not need to ask permission to innovate.

scholarly journals Identification of Vulnerable Populations and Areas at Higher Risk of COVID-19-Related Mortality during the Early Stage of the Epidemic in the United States

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (8) ◽  
pp. 4021
Author(s):  
Esteban Correa-Agudelo ◽  
Tesfaye B. Mersha ◽  
Adam J. Branscum ◽  
Neil J. MacKinnon ◽  
Diego F. Cuadros
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Vulnerable Populations ◽  
Mortality Risk ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
The United States ◽  
National Average ◽  
Health Determinants ◽  
White Population ◽  
Latino Population ◽  
Related Mortality

We characterized vulnerable populations located in areas at higher risk of COVID-19-related mortality and low critical healthcare capacity during the early stage of the epidemic in the United States. We analyze data obtained from a Johns Hopkins University COVID-19 database to assess the county-level spatial variation of COVID-19-related mortality risk during the early stage of the epidemic in relation to health determinants and health infrastructure. Overall, we identified highly populated and polluted areas, regional air hub areas, race minorities (non-white population), and Hispanic or Latino population with an increased risk of COVID-19-related death during the first phase of the epidemic. The 10 highest COVID-19 mortality risk areas in highly populated counties had on average a lower proportion of white population (48.0%) and higher proportions of black population (18.7%) and other races (33.3%) compared to the national averages of 83.0%, 9.1%, and 7.9%, respectively. The Hispanic and Latino population proportion was higher in these 10 counties (29.3%, compared to the national average of 9.3%). Counties with major air hubs had a 31% increase in mortality risk compared to counties with no airport connectivity. Sixty-eight percent of the counties with high COVID-19-related mortality risk also had lower critical care capacity than the national average. The disparity in health and environmental risk factors might have exacerbated the COVID-19-related mortality risk in vulnerable groups during the early stage of the epidemic.

scholarly journals Technologies for Detection of Babesia microti: Advances and Challenges

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1563
Author(s):  
Scott Meredith ◽  
Miranda Oakley ◽  
Sanjai Kumar
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Parasite Burden ◽  
The United States ◽  
Babesia Microti ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Babesia Species ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
Human Babesiosis

The biology of intraerythrocytic Babesia parasites presents unique challenges for the diagnosis of human babesiosis. Antibody-based assays are highly sensitive but fail to detect early stage Babesia infections prior to seroconversion (window period) and cannot distinguish between an active infection and a previously resolved infection. On the other hand, nucleic acid-based tests (NAT) may lack the sensitivity to detect window cases when parasite burden is below detection limits and asymptomatic low-grade infections. Recent technological advances have improved the sensitivity, specificity and high throughput of NAT and the antibody-based detection of Babesia. Some of these advances include genomics approaches for the identification of novel high-copy-number targets for NAT and immunodominant antigens for superior antigen and antibody-based assays for Babesia. Future advances would also rely on next generation sequencing and CRISPR technology to improve Babesia detection. This review article will discuss the historical perspective and current status of technologies for the detection of Babesia microti, the most common Babesia species causing human babesiosis in the United States, and their implications for early diagnosis of acute babesiosis, blood safety and surveillance studies to monitor areas of expansion and emergence and spread of Babesia species and their genetic variants in the United States and globally.

Overall survival in early stage cervical cancer in the United States has improved over the last ten years

2013 ◽  
Vol 131 (1) ◽  
pp. 269-270
Author(s):  
Jocelyn S. Chapman ◽  
Kevin W. Blansit ◽  
Lee-may Chen ◽  
Rebecca Brooks ◽  
Stefanie Ueda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Overall Survival ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
The United States ◽  
Early Stage Cervical Cancer

Semi-Formal Diplomacy

2021 ◽  
pp. 530-542
Author(s):  
Nigel Inkster
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Nuclear Weapons ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
The United States ◽  
International Negotiations ◽  
Mutual Understanding ◽  
Political Actors ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
Academic Conferences

This chapter assesses semi-official diplomacy in the cyber domain. It begins by describing Track 2 and Track 1.5 diplomacy. Track 2 diplomacy consists of a broad spectrum of activities ranging from academic conferences designed to address specific conflict-related diplomatic issues to much more generic people-to-people contacts designed to create a climate of greater mutual understanding. Meanwhile, Track 1.5 diplomacy seeks to leverage the strengths of both Track 1 and Track 2 diplomacy. It became clear from an early stage that the United States, Russia, and China were in a position to determine the strategic evolution of the cyber domain due to their status as global geo-political actors, their advanced cyber capabilities, their possession of nuclear weapons, and their differences in values and ideology. Russia was the first to make a move towards semi-official diplomacy. Whereas Russia has taken a leading role in international negotiations on cyber governance and cybersecurity, China has arguably become more consequential in terms of how its relationship with the United States will shape the normative culture of the cyber domain. The chapter then considers other examples of semi-official diplomacy as well as prospects for further semi-official diplomacy in the cyber domain.

The Evolution of Comics Art Exhibitions in the United States, 1930–1951

2020 ◽  
pp. 66-87
Author(s):  
Kim A. Munson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
The United States ◽  
Comic Strip ◽  
Metropolitan Museum ◽  
World War ◽  
Art Exhibitions ◽  
Graphic Arts ◽  
Metropolitan Museum Of Art ◽  
Walt Disney

This 2018 essay by art historian Kim A. Munson shares the details of her research on exhibits of original comic art in U.S. museums and galleries from 1930-1954.  This chapter discusses several shows of the 1930’s from Thomas Nast at the Whitney (1932) to the display of the first Walt Disney animation cel purchased by the Metropolitan Museum of Art (1939). This chapter discusses World War II exhibits at the Metropolitan. This chapter discusses The Comic Strip: Its Ancient and Honorable Lineage and Present Significance, organized for the American Institute of Graphic Arts by Jessie Gillespie Willing (AIGA, 1942), which is a touring exhibit with historical works, comics, and comic books. Milton Caniff was a pioneer and advocate of comics exhibits representing himself (The Art of Terry and the Pirates 1939-1946) and  later with the newly formed National Cartoonist Society organizing many shows including 20,000 Years of Comics (1949 Savings Bond Tour), and American Cartooning (Met Museum, 1951).

Mobility as homelessness

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 30-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Corina Balaban
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
The United States ◽  
Policy Discourse ◽  
Geographical Mobility ◽  
Principal Investigators ◽  
Doctoral Programmes ◽  
Sectoral Mobility

This article discusses three kinds of mobility among early stage researchers: geographical mobility, mobility between disciplines – or interdisciplinarity – and cross-sectoral mobility. It focuses on how PhD fellows engage with and negotiate experiences of mobility. These types of mobility have largely been presented as inherently beneficial in mainstream policy discourse, but this article presents a more nuanced picture of mobility, showing the challenges of mobility, as experienced and articulated by PhD fellows and some of their supervisors. The research is based on twenty-six interviews with PhD fellows and principal investigators involved in two types of flagship doctoral programmes: the ITN in Europe, and the IGERT in the United States. The main finding is that PhD fellows associated all three types of mobility with feelings of homelessness.

A Critical Analysis of the Surgical Management of Early-Stage Gallbladder Cancer in the United States

2008 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 722-727 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric H. Jensen ◽  
Anasooya Abraham ◽  
Elizabeth B. Habermann ◽  
Waddah B. Al-Refaie ◽  
Selwyn M. Vickers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Gallbladder Cancer ◽  
Surgical Management ◽  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
The United States
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