Beyond Seeing

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Berit Brogaard
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Bodily Sensation ◽  
Analogous Argument ◽  
Bodily Experiences ◽  
Carry Over

Although the focus of this book is primarily on visual verbs and their relation to perception, one cannot help but wonder to what extent any of the lessons for the case of vision carries over to other perceptual verbs. Can we learn something from the semantics of ‘sound’, ‘hear’, ‘smell’, ‘taste’, and ‘feel’ about auditory, olfactory, gustatory, tactile, and bodily experiences? The author thinks that we can. Many of the points that apply to ‘seem’ and ‘see’ seem to carry over to other perceptual verbs. For example, ‘feel’ is different from the other perceptual verbs in a number of ways, perhaps because it can be used to describe such different experiential states as touch, bodily sensation, and emotion. However, as the author explains, there is an analogous argument from the semantics of ‘feel’ to the view that touch, bodily sensation, and emotion are representational.

Impact of Varying Flight Training Criteria on Flight Task Transfer Performance

1980 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 572-572
Author(s):  
Mark Nataupsky ◽  
Thomas M. McCloy ◽  
John M. Bermudez ◽  
Valentin W. Tirnan ◽  
Villiam G. Buchta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transfer Of Training ◽  
Transfer Task ◽  
Dependent Measure ◽  
The Other ◽  
Flight Training ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Wind Condition ◽  
Air Force Academy ◽  
Carry Over ◽  
Transfer Tasks

Recent studies have shown that criterion levels established in training directly affect later performance of subjects on experimental tasks. Approximately 20% of variance can be explained by these criteria. The purpose of this study was to determine if a similar relationship can be found in transfer of training situations. Twenty male Air Force Academy cadets were trained to one of two multiple criteria levels on a difficult flight manuever in a GAT-1 simulator. There was a easy criterion set and a more difficult criterion set. These two sets consisted of holding prescribed performance parameters in heading, vertical velocity, and altitude. After achieving their assigned criterion, all cadets in each of the two groups were then tested on the same task in a GAT-1 simulator, but this time the maneuver had to be performed under turbulent wind conditions. This wind condition served as the transfer task. Half of the cadets in each group had the same criterion in both the training and the transfer task. The other cadets had different criteria in the training and transfer tasks. Thus there were four experimental groups: easy-easy, easy-difficult, difficult-easy, difficult-difficult. One control group had the easy criterion while the other control group had the difficult criterion. There were five cadets in each control group. The dependent measure was the Transfer Effectiveness Ratio (TER), derived from trials of this criterion data. This index is an estimate of the amount of time saved in learning a transfer task when performance is adjusted to that of a control group. Several analyses of various tasks of derived scores yielded significant results, confirming that criterion levels established in training carry over to transfer of training situations. Moreover, the data showed consistency in accounting for 20% or more of the variance.

Claire Denis – The Intruder

2019 ◽  
pp. 112-130
Author(s):  
Jan Bryant
Keyword(s):  
Heart Transplant ◽  
Source Material ◽  
The Other ◽  
Moving Image ◽  
Philosophical Text ◽  
Bodily Sensation ◽  
The Stranger ◽  
The Way ◽  
Extended Essay

An extended essay on Claire Denis’ L’Intrus acts as a companion piece to the chapter on Frances Barrett. Dealing with similar themes of care, hospitality, and feminism, it expands on an aspect that sat at the edges of Curator, the questioning of received ontological boundaries or defining categories. Denis covers both formerly and conceptually a taxonomy of borders, which are both physical and psychological. Her source material, Jean Luc Nancy’s essay about his heart transplant, is considered in relation to the way Denis produces a moving image work from a philosophical text, with particular concern for her treatment of narrative to produce bodily sensation. The ‘Other’ or figure of the stranger is pitted against the disintegrating power of patriarchy referenced in Denis’ casting of the actor, Michel Subor, who appears in L’Intrus and Beau Travail (1999) as well as Jean Luc Godard’s Petite Soldat (1955). [145]

Going in and out of Languages: An Example of Bilingual Flexibility

1994 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 201-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francois Grosjean ◽  
Joanne L. Miller
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Production Model ◽  
Stop Consonants ◽  
Base Language ◽  
Carry Over ◽  
Critical Words

When bilinguals speak to one another, they choose a base language to interact in and then, depending on the need, code-switch to the other (guest) language for a word, a phrase, or a sentence During the perception of a code switch, there is a momentary dominance of base-language units at the onset of the switch, but it is unknown whether this base-language effect is also present in production, that is, whether the phonetics of the base language carry over into the guest language In this study, French-English bilinguals retold stories and read sentences monolingually in English and in French and bilingually in French with English code switches Both the stories and the sentences contained critical words that began with unvoiced stop consonants, whose voice onset times (VOT) were measured The results showed that the base language had no impact on the production of code switches The shift from one language to the other was total and immediate This manifestation of cross-linguistic flexibility is accounted for in terms of a bilingual production model

scholarly journals Respiratory disease in a colony of rats. II. Isolation ofMycoplasma pulmonisfrom the natural disease, and the experimental disease induced with a cloned culture of this organism

1972 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 387-407 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Whittlestone ◽  
Ruth M. Lemcke ◽  
R. J. Olds
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Disease ◽  
Sendai Virus ◽  
Chronic Respiratory Disease ◽  
Lung Homogenate ◽  
The Other ◽  
Respiratory Pathogens ◽  
Mycoplasma Pulmonis ◽  
Group A ◽  
Carry Over ◽  
Group B

SUMMARYMycoplasma pulmoniswas isolated from the pneumonic lung of a rat. Two groups of mycoplasma-free rats were inoculated, one with a culture of theM. pulmonisstrain winch had been cloned four times (group A) and the other with a lung homogenate of the rat from which the strain had been isolated (group B). A third group (C) consisted of uninoculated control animals. Each group was kept in strict isolation and allowed to breed so that the progeny was naturally exposed to any pathogens present in the inoculated animals. After different periods of exposure, rats were autopsied, respiratory tracts and inner ears were cultured for mycoplasmas and bacteria, and sera were tested for complement-fixing antibodies to murine mycoplasmas.In group-A rats,M. pulmoniswas consistently isolated from the inner ears or lungs from 50 to 715 days after exposure. Complement-fixing antibody toM. pulmoniswas detected 20 days after inoculation, but in the naturally exposed progeny antibody took longer than 50 days to develop. Antibodies to the other known mycoplasmas of murino origin,M. arthritidisandM. neurolylicum, were never found. Purulent otitis interna was consistently found from day 55 onwards, while lung lesions were first observed at 85 days and persisted to 715 days. Pulmonary lesions developed more slowly in inoculated parents than in exposed progeny. Similar results were found in group-B rats, which were examined up to 441 days after inoculation. Uninoculated group-C rats were examined up to 768 days of ago, butM. pulmoniswas not recovered; of tho 54 animals whose serum was tested all wore negativo to tho three species of mycoplasmas, except one which had a titre of 16 withM. pulmonis. Pneumonia, bronchiectasis or lymphoroticular hyperplasia wore not seen in any of these control rats. Bacterial respiratory pathogens were not isolated from rats in any of the groups, nor was antibody to Sendai virus detected.Tho results suggest thatM. pulmonisalono can cause pneumonia and bronchiee-tasis in rats since mechanical carry-over of another pathogen with the initial cloned inoculum is very unlikely and there was no evidence for the participation of any other rat pathogen. The respiratory disease induced by the cloned culture was comparable with that induced by the lung homogenate, and with the well-known syndrome of chronic respiratory disease and bronchiectasis in the rat.

Deliberation, Single-Peakedness, and Coherent Aggregation

2021 ◽  
Vol 115 (2) ◽  
pp. 629-648
Author(s):  
SOROUSH RAFIEE RAD ◽  
OLIVIER ROY
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Computational Results ◽  
Preference Change ◽  
Computational Simulations ◽  
Rational Deliberation ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Group Preferences ◽  
Single Peakedness ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Carry Over

Rational deliberation helps to avoid cyclic or intransitive group preferences by fostering meta-agreements, which in turn ensures single-peaked profiles. This is the received view, but this paper argues that it should be qualified. On one hand we provide evidence from computational simulations that rational deliberation tends to increase proximity to so-called single-plateaued preferences. This evidence is important to the extent that, as we argue, the idea that rational deliberation fosters the creation of meta-agreement and, in turn, single-peaked profiles does not carry over to single-plateaued ones, and the latter but not the former makes coherent aggregation possible when the participants are allowed to express indifference between options. On the other hand, however, our computational results show, against the received view, that when the participants are strongly biased towards their own opinions, rational deliberation tends to create irrational group preferences, instead of eliminating them. These results are independent of whether the participants reach meta-agreements in the process, and as such they highlight the importance of rational preference change and biases towards one’s own opinion in understanding the effects of rational deliberation.

scholarly journals A Schematic Discoursal Study of Chinese Football Players’ Commercial Transfer News

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenhui Yang ◽  
Junpeng Zhao ◽  
Kaiyue Zhen
Keyword(s):  
Language Use ◽  
The Other ◽  
Football Players ◽  
Cognitive Mechanisms ◽  
Linguistic Information ◽  
Bodily Experience ◽  
News Reports ◽  
Image Schemas ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Bodily Experiences

This cognitive discoursal study explores human cognitive mechanisms by analyzing Football Players’ Commercial Transfer News (FPCTN) through adopting Gibbs’ (2010) embodied view of image schemas in language use and their interpretations in Chinese sports contexts, based on the database of 36 pieces of news reports collected from authoritative sports websites. The results demonstrate that FPCTN writers actively construct their meanings and perspectives by applying various metaphysical and metaphysicalized forms of image schemas, which are grounded on our knowledge and daily bodily experience. Discourse consumers, on the other hand, unconsciously engage themselves in imaginative simulation processes, which are fundamentally embodied in their past and present bodily experiences, to facilitate their understanding of linguistic information and writers’ intentions, which predicates the process of public general cognition construction and frame, meanwhile, constituting the mechanism of a news reader’s passionate identification with and attachment to a potential commodity in his/her social and entertainment life.

scholarly journals Embodied Metaphors and Creative “Acts”

2012 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 502-509 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela K.-y. Leung ◽  
Suntae Kim ◽  
Evan Polman ◽  
Lay See Ong ◽  
Lin Qiu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Embodied Cognition ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Divergent Thinking ◽  
The Other ◽  
Creative Cognition ◽  
Bodily Experiences ◽  
New Ideas ◽  
Creative Problem ◽  
Prescriptive Advice

Creativity is a highly sought-after skill. Prescriptive advice for inspiring creativity abounds in the form of metaphors: People are encouraged to “think outside the box,” to consider a problem “on one hand, then on the other hand,” and to “put two and two together” to achieve creative breakthroughs. These metaphors suggest a connection between concrete bodily experiences and creative cognition. Inspired by recent advances in the understanding of body-mind linkages in the research on embodied cognition, we explored whether enacting metaphors for creativity enhances creative problem solving. Our findings from five studies revealed that both physical and psychological embodiment of metaphors for creativity promoted convergent thinking and divergent thinking (i.e., fluency, flexibility, or originality) in problem solving. Going beyond prior research, which focused primarily on the kind of embodiment that primes preexisting knowledge, we provide the first evidence that embodiment can also activate cognitive processes that facilitate the generation of new ideas and connections.

Hearing As

2020 ◽  
pp. 118-145
Author(s):  
William G. Lycan
Keyword(s):  
Human Life ◽  
Illocutionary Force ◽  
The Other ◽  
Attention Theory ◽  
Harmonic Modulation ◽  
Carry Over

Nearly everything ever written by philosophers on aspect perception has been about vision. This chapter catalogs some views and lessons regarding “seeing as,” and argues that not all of them carry over to aspect perception in hearing. In particular, the attention theory, very attractive for the case of vision, is not plausible for hearing. Hearing-as plays at least two central roles in human life. The chapter continues by illustrating them. One is in the appreciation of music: tonality, the ambiguity exploited in harmonic modulation, and the expressing of emotion. The other is in understanding speech: hearing sounds as speech at all, disambiguating utterances, and assigning illocutionary force.

scholarly journals Electrophysiological Evidence of the Amodal Representation of Symmetry in Extrastriate Areas

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giulia Rampone ◽  
Martyna Adam ◽  
Alexis D.J. Makin ◽  
John Tyson-Carr ◽  
Marco Bertamini
Keyword(s):  
Retinal Image ◽  
The Other ◽  
Occluded Objects ◽  
Abstract Shape ◽  
Electrophysiological Responses ◽  
Visual Areas ◽  
Large Rectangle ◽  
Carry Over ◽  
Partially Occluded ◽  
Extrastriate Areas

Abstract Extrastriate visual areas are strongly activated by image symmetry. Less is known about symmetry representation at object-, rather than image-, level. Here we investigated electrophysiological responses to symmetry, generated by amodal completion of partially-occluded polygon shapes. We used a similar paradigm in four experiments (N=112). A fully-visible abstract shape (either symmetric or asymmetric) was presented for 250ms (t0). A large rectangle covered it entirely for 250ms (t1) and then moved to one side to reveal half of the shape hidden behind (t2, 1000ms). Note that at t2 no symmetry could be inferred from retinal image information. In half of the trials the shape was the same as previously presented, in the other trials it was replaced by a novel shape. Participants matched shapes similarity (Exp. 1 and Exp. 2), or their colour (Exp. 3) or the orientation of a triangle superimposed to the shapes (Exp. 4). The fully-visible shapes (t0-t1) elicited automatic symmetry-specific ERP responses in all experiments. Importantly, there was an exposure-dependent symmetry-response to the occluded shapes that were recognised as previously seen (t2). Exp. 2 and Exp.4 confirmed this second ERP (t2) did not reflect a reinforcement of a residual carry-over response from t0. We conclude that the extrastriate symmetry-network can achieve amodal representation of symmetry from occluded objects that have been previously experienced as wholes.

scholarly journals On the adjoint group of some radical rings

1997 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oliver Dickenschied
Keyword(s):  
Abelian Subgroup ◽  
Jacobson Radical ◽  
Additive Group ◽  
The Other ◽  
Adjoint Group ◽  
Radical Ring ◽  
Finiteness Conditions ◽  
Prüfer Rank ◽  
Carry Over ◽  
Minimax Condition

A ring R is called radical if it coincides with its Jacobson radical, which means that Rforms a group under the operation a ° b = a + b + ab for all a and b in R. This group is called the adjoint group R° of R. The relation between the adjoint group R° and the additive group R+ of a radical rin R is an interesting topic to study. It has been shown in [1] that the finiteness conditions “minimax”, “finite Prufer rank”, “finite abelian subgroup rank” and “finite torsionfree rank” carry over from the adjoint group to the additive group of a radical ring. The converse is true for the minimax condition, while it fails for all the other above finiteness conditions by an example due to Sysak [6] (see also [2, Theorem 6.1.2]). However, we will show that the converse holds if we restrict to the class of nil rings, i.e. the rings R such that for any a є R there exists an n = n(a) with an = 0.

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