Time . . . and How We Study It

2019 ◽  
pp. 11-33
Author(s):  
Mari Riess Jones
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Designs ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Temporal Expectancy ◽  
Cortical Oscillations ◽  
People’S Perception ◽  
Estimation Of Time

This chapter surveys a number of the popular experimental designs used to study people’s perception (or estimation) of time. This includes descriptions of paradigms that present isolated pairs of time intervals for people to compare as well as experimental designs that require people to anticipate certain target onsets in various contexts. In this respect, it distinguishes between designs that require people to respond to time and those designs that require people to use time. Also discussed are paradigms that record driven rhythms in the form of cortical oscillations. Concepts of attending, anticipatory attending, and temporal expectancy are also introduced in this chapter.

scholarly journals The Neural Correlates of Time: A Meta-analysis of Neuroimaging Studies

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (12) ◽  
pp. 1796-1826 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Nani ◽  
Jordi Manuello ◽  
Donato Liloia ◽  
Sergio Duca ◽  
Tommaso Costa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Analytical Investigation ◽  
Neural Systems ◽  
Subcortical Structures ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Sense Of Time ◽  
Task Conditions ◽  
Estimation Of Time ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Neuroimaging Techniques

During the last two decades, our inner sense of time has been repeatedly studied with the help of neuroimaging techniques. These investigations have suggested the specific involvement of different brain areas in temporal processing. At least two distinct neural systems are likely to play a role in measuring time: One is mainly constituted of subcortical structures and is supposed to be more related to the estimation of time intervals below the 1-sec range (subsecond timing tasks), and the other is mainly constituted of cortical areas and is supposed to be more related to the estimation of time intervals above the 1-sec range (suprasecond timing tasks). Tasks can then be performed in motor or nonmotor (perceptual) conditions, thus providing four different categories of time processing. Our meta-analytical investigation partly confirms the findings of previous meta-analytical works. Both sub- and suprasecond tasks recruit cortical and subcortical areas, but subcortical areas are more intensely activated in subsecond tasks than in suprasecond tasks, which instead receive more contributions from cortical activations. All the conditions, however, show strong activations in the SMA, whose rostral and caudal parts have an important role not only in the discrimination of different time intervals but also in relation to the nature of the task conditions. This area, along with the striatum (especially the putamen) and the claustrum, is supposed to be an essential node in the different networks engaged when the brain creates our sense of time.

Adaptive Estimation of Time-Varying Parameters in Linearly Parametrized Systems

2005 ◽  
Vol 128 (3) ◽  
pp. 691-695 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yongliang Zhu ◽  
Prabhakar R. Pagilla
Keyword(s):  
Adaptive Estimation ◽  
Parameter Estimate ◽  
Time Varying ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Varying Parameters ◽  
Time Varying Parameter ◽  
Time Varying Parameters ◽  
Parametrized Systems ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
Estimation Of Time

Adaptive estimation of time-varying parameters in linearly parametrized systems is considered. The estimation time is divided into small intervals; in each interval the time-varying parameter is approximated by a time polynomial with unknown coefficients. A condition for resetting of the parameter estimate at the beginning of each interval is derived; the condition guarantees that the estimate of the time-varying parameter is continuous and also allows for the coefficients of the polynomial to be different in various time intervals. A modified version of the least-squares algorithm is provided to estimate the time-varying parameters. Stability of the proposed algorithm is shown and discussed. Simulation results on an example are given to validate the proposed method.

Mental health of women with hysteromyoma

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (S2) ◽  
pp. 1677-1677 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.F. Nasyrova ◽  
L.S. Sotnikova
Keyword(s):  
Somatoform Disorders ◽  
Specific Weight ◽  
Physical Factors ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Mental Disturbances ◽  
Treatment Measures ◽  
Estimation Of Time ◽  
Severity Of State

In result of clinical-psychopathological examination of 100 women suffering from hysteromyoma we have identified as compared with portion of patients without mental disturbances, specific weight of women with mental disorders (47%) and with pre-nosological manifestations (43%) predominated (р < 0,05), from them 21% met definitions of psychoadaptive state and 22% - psychodisadaptive status (PDAS). Study of distribution of prevalence of variants of PDAS has revealed predominance in the examined of asthenic register (8%), where basic manifestations was feeling of fatigue, increasing to the end of the day, pains in muscles, sensation of apathy. Psychovegetative variant was revealed in 6% patients and was represented by paroxysmal vegetative dysfunctions, transient headaches, and sleep disturbance. Dysthymic variant characterized by emotional lability in the kind of irritability, feeling of uneasiness and mental discomfort, has been revealed in 5%, and dysmnestic variant manifesting by short-term changes in the sphere of attention, orientation in familiar setting, erroneous estimation of time intervals was diagnosed in 3% of women. Revealed mental disturbances included four clusters: neurotic, stress-related and somatoform disorders (F40–48) have been revealed in 29% of examined women; affective, predominately of depressive spectrum (F32–34.1) - in 9%; personality disorders and behavioral disorders at mature age (F60–61) - in 3% and behavioral syndromes associated with physiological disturbances and physical factors (F50–52) - in 6%. Presented data demonstrate high prevalence of mental disturbances in female patients with hysteromyoma that, complicating severity of state of women and decreasing adaptive abilities, considerably worsens quality of life and efficacy of treatment measures.

Accuracy of estimation of time-intervals in psychogeriatric outpatients

2012 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 809-821 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremia Heinik
Keyword(s):  
The Elderly ◽  
Diagnostic Value ◽  
Absolute Accuracy ◽  
Cognitive Measures ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Cognitive Correlates ◽  
Diagnostic Role ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Estimation Of Time ◽  
Cognitive Data

ABSTRACTBackground: Accuracy of estimation of time-intervals has received marginal attention in psychogeriatrics. We examined presumed differences in this time measure in participants with dementia (PWD) versus participants without dementia (PWoutD), further subdivided into specific diagnoses and performance subgroups. We also studied its demographic, clinical, and cognitive correlates and predictors. A diagnostic role was hypothesized.Methods: Forty-three individuals (27 PWD: 16 dementia of the Alzheimer's type (DAT), 11 vascular dementia (VaD); 16 PWoutD: 10 major depressive disorder (MDD), 6 normal) were interviewed with the Cambridge Examination for Mental Disorders of the Elderly – Revised (CAMDEX-R) that permits the registration of this time measure. Demographic, clinical, and cognitive data were obtained.Results: Neither absolute accuracy of estimation of duration of interview nor its transformed logarithm were significantly different between PWD and PWoutD, or between DAT and VaD participants. MDD participants performed significantly poorer than normal and did not differ from PWD, and the PWD relatively better performing subgroup. The logarithm of absolute accuracy of estimation correlated with some clinical and cognitive variables. Only a measure of depression and of impaired judgment could significantly predict it.Conclusions: The absolute accuracy of estimation of time-intervals did not differ between the major groups and the main diagnoses subgroups. It was associated with a variety of clinical and cognitive measures, and was predicted by the composite constructs of depression and impaired judgment. The diagnostic value of this measure in the psychogeriatric clinic is questionable, and limited to “worried” well individuals.

Estimation of Time and the Subclassification of Schizophrenic Disorders

1983 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 911-918 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lennart Tysk
Keyword(s):  
Personality Disorders ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Chronic Patients ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Schizotypal Personality ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Verbal Estimation ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Estimation Of Time

Estimation of short time intervals by 60 healthy subjects, 50 patients with schizophrenic disorders, and 8 with schizotypal personality disorders, was investigated using the three different methods, adjusting a metronome, verbal estimation, and operative estimation (production). The schizophrenic patients tended to over-estimate time with all three methods. Over-estimation was also found when longer intervals were studied. Patients with different types of schizophrenic disorders, classified according to DSM-III criteria, over-estimated time about the same; no significant differences were found. Different courses of schizophrenia were also studied. Patients in remission over-estimated time to the same extent as chronic patients; the subchronic patients probably over-estimated less. Schizotypal personality disorders did not seem to be associated with a tendency to over-estimate short time intervals. The results were discussed in the context of perceptual disturbances in schizophrenic disorders.

Time Uncertainty and the Estimation of Time-intervals

Nature ◽  
1962 ◽  
Vol 195 (4838) ◽  
pp. 311-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. DAVIS
Keyword(s):  
Time Intervals ◽  
Time Uncertainty ◽  
Estimation Of Time
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