Athletic Identity

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey J. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Negative Affect ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Athletic Identity ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Measurement Scale ◽  
Disability Sport ◽  
Recreational Athletes ◽  
Correlational Research ◽  
Athletes With Disabilities ◽  
Protective Strategy

Some of the first research in disability sport focused on athletic identity using the Athletic Identity Measurement Scale (AIMS). A large body of research has supported a robust finding that athletes with disabilities view themselves as legitimate athletes, whereas they believe that others (e.g., the able-bodied public) do not view them as athletes as strongly. This chapter examines descriptive and correlational research completed with the AIMS. Descriptive work indicates Paralympians relative to recreational athletes have stronger athletic identities. Correlational research indicates that athletes with strong athletic identities are more competitive and confident and have stronger sport intentions. At the same time, athletes with exclusive athletic identities may be at risk for experiencing negative affect when unable to play. Athletes may disinvest in sport and an athletic identity as their skills wane and they anticipate no longer participating in sport. While a disinvestment in athletic identity can be viewed as a self-esteem protective strategy it might also have negative performance ramifications.

scholarly journals Predictors of Social Physique Anxiety in Adolescent Swimmers with Physical Disabilities

1999 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey J. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Regression ◽  
Physical Disabilities ◽  
Athletic Identity ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
The Self ◽  
Measurement Scale ◽  
Stepwise Multiple Regression ◽  
Social Physique Anxiety ◽  
Self Identity

The purpose was to examine predictors of social physique anxiety (SPA) in adolescent swimmers with physical disabilities. Participants were 57 swimmers (27 females, 30 males, ages 16-19, M = 16.2) with various physical disabilities. A three-way ANOVA revealed significant differences in SPA between countries and among disabilities but not gender. Stepwise multiple regression results indicated that self-esteem and the self-identity subscale of the Athletic Identity Measurement Scale (AIMS) were the best predictors of SPA but that gender, country, and type of disability were not significant.

scholarly journals Friendship Quality in Youth Disability Sport: Perceptions of a Best Friend

2002 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 472-482 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey J. Martin ◽  
Kerry Smith
Keyword(s):  
Friendship Quality ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Track And Field ◽  
Current Investigation ◽  
Factor Analyses ◽  
Disability Sport ◽  
Best Friend ◽  
Quality Scale ◽  
Exploratory Factor Analyses ◽  
Athletes With Disabilities

The purpose of the current investigation was to examine friendship quality with a best friend in youth disability sport with an international sample of moderately experienced athletes with disabilities ages 9 to 18 years. Participants were 85 males and 65 females from four countries who competed in track and field and swimming. Data were collected with the Sport Friendship Quality Scale (Weiss & Smith, 1999). An exploratory factor analyses indicated that participants viewed their friendship quality with a best friend in disability sport as having both positive and negative dimensions. The latter focused exclusively on conflict experiences. Females reported stronger perceptions of the benefits of their friendships than males did; whereas no gender differences occurred in perceptions of the negative aspects to friendships. Item analyses indicated that females scored higher than males on questions reflecting loyalty, providing intimacy, self-esteem, supportiveness, having things in common, and playing together.

Identity Development

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey J. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Identity Development ◽  
Elite Athlete ◽  
Athletic Identity ◽  
Self Concept ◽  
Sociological Research ◽  
Disability Sport ◽  
The Public ◽  
Athletes With Disabilities ◽  
The One ◽  
Time And Energy

As athletes invest their time and energy into sport and it becomes a meaningful part of their self-concept they simultaneously develop an athletic identity. This chapter discusses psychological and sociological research on athletic identity development. One robust finding throughout the literature is that often athletes see themselves as athletes more strongly than the public does. The public’s reluctance to acknowledge that athletes with disabilities are real athletes reflects how disability sport is often marginalized. Research shows that sometimes former able-bodied athletes decline to participate in disability sport or seek out a sport different from the one they engaged in when able-bodied. Some athletes claim to be elite disability sport athletes in order to have an “elite” athletic identity. Other athletes with disabilities do not acknowledge disability sport and embrace an elite athlete identity. Within this context, the chapter incorporates relevant theory and psychological processes to identify plausible mechanisms underlying athletes’ decisions about whether to participate in sport and what to call themselves when they do.

Negative Affect

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey J. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Negative Affect ◽  
Sport Psychology ◽  
Negative Emotions ◽  
The Body ◽  
Psychology Research ◽  
Disability Sport ◽  
Wheelchair Sports ◽  
Potential Sources ◽  
Athletes With Disabilities

Experiencing negative affect during training and during competition is common. Much of the disability sport psychology research on negative affect has not been embedded in common sport theories of anxiety. This chapter presents an overview of the most common concepts and theories regarding anxiety and stress in sport. It also discusses the body of literature in disability sport that addresses negative affect. Most of the research in disability sport on negative affect has been on anxiety and stress, and other negative emotions such as shame, disappointment, frustration, grief, or disgust have not been examined. For athletes with disabilities there are many potential sources of stress, such as a person’s impairment, impairment effects, general sport, disability sport, and non-sport-related considerations. All of these factors can be stressful and tax an athlete’s ability to manage challenges that influence the ability to train and compete optimally. The chapter concludes with a discussion of how the classification process and the wheelchair in various wheelchair sports can also induce anxiety.

scholarly journals Factor Structure of the Athletic Identity Measurement Scale with Athletes with Disabilities

1997 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey J. Martin ◽  
Robert C. Eklund ◽  
Carol Adams Mushett
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Structural Equation Modeling ◽  
Sport Psychology ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Factor Model ◽  
Athletic Identity ◽  
Measurement Scale ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
Athletes With Disabilities

Individuals who perceive themselves as “athletes” are thought to have self-schemas composed of, in part, an athletic identity (Brewer, Van Raalte, & Linder, 1993). The recent development of the Athletic Identity Measurement Scale (AIMS) has allowed sport psychology researchers to assess athletic identity. Research with adolescent athletes with disabilities has suggested that the AIMS is composed of 4 factors (Martin, Mushett, & Eklund, 1994). The purpose of the current study was to further examine the psychometric properties of the AIMS. Seventy-eight international swimmers (34 females, 44 males) with disabilities, ranging in age from 12 to 44 (M = 23.4 years), participated in the present study. Using structural equation modeling procedures, a confirmatory factor analysis determined that the data fit the 4-factor model specified in the Martin et al. (1994) study, thus providing support for the multidimensionality of the AIMS.

scholarly journals Athletic Identity and Self-Esteem of Wheelchair Basketball Players

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (95) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kęstutis Skučas
Keyword(s):  
National Level ◽  
Athletic Identity ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Disabled Persons ◽  
Measurement Scale ◽  
Basketball Player ◽  
Wheelchair Basketball ◽  
Basketball Players ◽  
Self Confidence ◽  
Self Image

Background.  Disabled  persons  do  not  consider  and  use  a  single  identity  to  represent  themselves. Athletic identity as a wheelchair basketball player can help the process of acceptance and support psychological adjustment. Thus, there is a need to research the association between and the influence of the wheelchair basketball player’s qualification and a strong athletic identity on a person’s self-esteem (Hawkins, Coffee, & Soundy, 2014; Martin, Adams-Mushett, & Smith, 1995). Methods. The multidimensional Athletic Identity Measurement Scale (Brewer & Cornelius, 2002) was used to assess self-identity, social identity, exclusivity and negative affectivity of 36 wheelchair basketball players. Self-esteem was evaluated by the adapted V. Stolin’s (Столин, 1983) test including nine self-evaluation scales: internal integrity,  self-confidence,  self-direction,  self-image,  self-interest,  self-content,  self-orientation,  self-contradiction and self-accusation. Results.  It  was  found  out  that  the  athletic  identity  value  of  the  players  participating  in  international  level competitions (30 points) is statistically significantly higher compared to that of participating in national level events (18 points, p < .05). Conclusions. Disabled persons of the competition group with better athletic identity represented stronger self-integrity and were less self-accusative, more self-content, their self-confidence grew and they had a better self-image in comparison with the national level group.Keywords: self-confdence, self-image, persons with physical disability.

Feeling Like a Burden

2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 219-238
Author(s):  
James H. Wirth ◽  
Ashley Batts Allen ◽  
Emily M. Zitek
Keyword(s):  
Negative Affect ◽  
Poor Performance ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Social Consequences ◽  
Social Costs ◽  
Negative Outcomes ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Self Compassion

Abstract. We examined the negative outcomes, particularly social costs that result when a person harms their group by performing poorly, and whether self-compassion could buffer against these negative outcomes. In Studies 1 and 2, participants performed poorly and harmed their group or performed equal to their group. Harmful poor-performing participants felt more burdensome, experienced more negative affect, felt more ostracized, anticipated more exclusion, and felt lowered self-esteem than equal-performing participants. Studies 3 and 4 disentangled poor performance from harming a group. Poor-performing participants either harmed the group or caused no harm. Harmful poor-performing participants felt more burdensome and anticipated more exclusion, indicating the additional social consequences of a harmful poor performance over a non-harmful performance. Across studies, trait self-compassion was associated with reduced negative effects.

Greater Right Hemisphericity is Associated with Lower Self-Esteem in Adults

1991 ◽  
Vol 73 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1244-1246 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Persinger ◽  
Katherine Makarec
Keyword(s):  
Negative Affect ◽  
Sense Of Self ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
The Self ◽  
Self Concept ◽  
Developmental History ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
History Of

28 men and 32 women were given Vingiano's Hemisphericity Questionnaire and the Coopersmith Self-esteem Inventory. People who reported the greatest numbers of right hemispheric indicators displayed the lowest self-esteem; the correlations were moderately strong ( r>.50) for both men and women. These results support the hypothesis that the sense of self is primarily a linguistic, left-hemispheric phenomenon and that a developmental history of frequent intrusion from right-hemispheric processes can infuse the self-concept with negative affect.

scholarly journals THE UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE RIGHTS OF PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES AND ITS EFFECTS ON THE PROMOTION OF ELITE DISABILITY SPORT: A WORLDWIDE ANALYSIS

2018 ◽  
pp. 119-138
Author(s):  
Jaime Prieto ◽  
Juan L. Paramio-Salcines
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Persons With Disabilities ◽  
Disability Sport ◽  
Sports Events ◽  
Athletes With Disabilities ◽  
Elite Level ◽  
United Nations Convention ◽  
The United Nations

Little attention has been focused on the analysis of the interrelation between disability and elite disability sport from the human rights perspective as the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UNCRPD) demands of those countries that ratified this global regulation. More than a decade since its promulgation in December 2006, the United Nations itself and a plethora of authors recognises that disability in general and disability sport by extension has not yet been seen as a human rights issue in many countries, principally in developing countries. This paper is divided into four main parts. First, academic literature in relation to disability, human rights policy and sport at elite level is explored. Second, it examines the active role of the International Paralympic Committee, regarded as a major advocate for the rights of the sport promotion of athletes with disabilities, to implement the Convention by the organisation of sports events for Paralympic athletes worldwide at all levels of the sport development continuum. Third, it explains the methods and data collection followed in the study and the following section presents results of the analysis. Finally, it draws an international scenario that might be valuable in informing academics, institutions and professionals to promote elite disability sport from the human rights perspective.

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