Negative Affect

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey J. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Negative Affect ◽  
Sport Psychology ◽  
Negative Emotions ◽  
The Body ◽  
Psychology Research ◽  
Disability Sport ◽  
Wheelchair Sports ◽  
Potential Sources ◽  
Athletes With Disabilities

Experiencing negative affect during training and during competition is common. Much of the disability sport psychology research on negative affect has not been embedded in common sport theories of anxiety. This chapter presents an overview of the most common concepts and theories regarding anxiety and stress in sport. It also discusses the body of literature in disability sport that addresses negative affect. Most of the research in disability sport on negative affect has been on anxiety and stress, and other negative emotions such as shame, disappointment, frustration, grief, or disgust have not been examined. For athletes with disabilities there are many potential sources of stress, such as a person’s impairment, impairment effects, general sport, disability sport, and non-sport-related considerations. All of these factors can be stressful and tax an athlete’s ability to manage challenges that influence the ability to train and compete optimally. The chapter concludes with a discussion of how the classification process and the wheelchair in various wheelchair sports can also induce anxiety.

Athletic Identity

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey J. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Negative Affect ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Athletic Identity ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Measurement Scale ◽  
Disability Sport ◽  
Recreational Athletes ◽  
Correlational Research ◽  
Athletes With Disabilities ◽  
Protective Strategy

Some of the first research in disability sport focused on athletic identity using the Athletic Identity Measurement Scale (AIMS). A large body of research has supported a robust finding that athletes with disabilities view themselves as legitimate athletes, whereas they believe that others (e.g., the able-bodied public) do not view them as athletes as strongly. This chapter examines descriptive and correlational research completed with the AIMS. Descriptive work indicates Paralympians relative to recreational athletes have stronger athletic identities. Correlational research indicates that athletes with strong athletic identities are more competitive and confident and have stronger sport intentions. At the same time, athletes with exclusive athletic identities may be at risk for experiencing negative affect when unable to play. Athletes may disinvest in sport and an athletic identity as their skills wane and they anticipate no longer participating in sport. While a disinvestment in athletic identity can be viewed as a self-esteem protective strategy it might also have negative performance ramifications.

Determinants of Elite Disability Sport Performance

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey J. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Sport Psychology ◽  
Sport Performance ◽  
The Body ◽  
Developmental Model ◽  
Mental Skills ◽  
Disability Sport ◽  
Self Confidence ◽  
Body Of Knowledge ◽  
Current Review ◽  
Sport Competition

In the last 10-20 years sport psychologists have started to emphasize the value of mental strengths such as self-confidence for disability sport athletes (Martin, 2012). The pinnacle of disability sport competition, the Paralympics, is becoming increasingly competitive, suggesting a strong need for athletes to possess effective mental skills. Like the Olympics there is intense pressure to win at the Paralympics. In the current review article I discuss the body of knowledge in sport psychology that focuses on potential direct and indirect determinants of performance in elite disability sport. The review is organized around a personnel developmental model used by Martin (1999, 2005, 2012). This model is a humanistic model and revolves around foundation qualities, psychological methods and skills, and facilitative and debilitative factors. The premise of the model is also similar to McCann's sentiment that “at the Olympics [Paralympics], everything is a performance issue” (2008, p. 267).

Achievement Goal Theory

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey J. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Achievement Motivation ◽  
Sport Psychology ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Achievement Goal ◽  
Achievement Goal Theory ◽  
Goal Theory ◽  
Psychology Research ◽  
Disability Sport ◽  
Psychological Constructs ◽  
Research Climate

Similar to achievement motivation theory (AMT), achievement goal theory (AGT) has a long history in sport psychology research. This chapter discusses the origins of AGT, followed by a review of AGT research in disability sport. AGT is based in how athletes define success, and most of the work in this area has been done with the Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire (TEOSQ). Lots of disability sport research has involved researchers asking athletes to complete the TEOSQ and then differences in groups (e.g., disabled athletes versus able-bodied athletes) have been examined. In contrast to AMT research, climate scales paralleling the orientation scales have been developed, allowing researchers to investigate if task climates promote well-being. Most of the findings regarding both task and ego orientations and climates support what is known in able-bodied sport: both task orientations and climates are adaptive and positively linked to other positive psychological constructs and negatively linked to negative constructs. Researchers in disability sport should consider research on avoidant goals and states of goal involvement that result from both orientations and climates.

A Survey of Spectators at the International Stoke Mandeville Wheelchair Games

1998 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina Evaggelinou ◽  
Dimitris Grekinis
Keyword(s):  
People With Disabilities ◽  
Disability Sport ◽  
Wheelchair Sports ◽  
Athletes With Disabilities ◽  
The Spectator ◽  
Sport Events

Disability sport provides a setting in which attributes, practices, and beliefs of spectators can be examined. The Spectator Questionnaire (SQ) was used to collect data on 114 of the spectators attending the 1993 International Stoke Mandeville Wheelchair Games (ISMWG). Most spectators (96%) were not athletes in the games, and only 24% were relatives of athletes with disabilities. Spectators were attending the games primarily to encourage athletes in their efforts and to learn more about wheelchair sports. Spectators indicated they would prioritize their time to view wheelchair sports on television. Studying spectators at carefully organized wheelchair sport events may provide useful information that can be used in other settings, such as in the development and implementation of programs to facilitate the inclusion of people with disabilities in mainstreamed environments.

scholarly journals A Feasibility Study of Kinematic Characteristics on the Upper Body According to the Shooting of Elite Disabled Archery Athletes

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 2962
Author(s):  
Tae-Whan Kim ◽  
Jae-Won Lee ◽  
Seoung-Ki Kang ◽  
Kyu-Yeon Chae ◽  
Sang-Hyup Choi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
Upper Body ◽  
Movement Trajectory ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Kinematic Characteristics ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Athletes With Disabilities ◽  
Body Center ◽  
Time Required

The purpose of this study is to compare and analyze the kinematic characteristics of the upper limb segments during the archery shooting of Paralympic Wheelchair Class archers (ARW2—second wheelchair class—paraplegia or comparable disability) and Paralympic Standing Class archers (ARST—standing archery class—loss of 25 points in the upper limbs or lower limbs), where archers are classified according to their disability grade among elite disabled archers. The participants of this study were selected as seven elite athletes with disabilities by the ARW2 (n = 4) and ARST (n = 3). The analysis variables were (1) the time required for each phase, (2) the angle of inclination of the body center, (3) the change of trajectory of body center, and (4) the change of the movement trajectory of the bow center by phase when performing six shots in total. The ARW2 group (drawing phase; M = 2.228 s, p < 0.05, holding phase; M = 4.414 s, p < 0.05) showed a longer time than the ARST group (drawing phase; M = 0.985 s, holding phase; M = 3.042 s), and the angle of the body did not show a significant difference between the two groups. Additionally, in the direction of the anteroposterior axis in the drawing phase, the change in the movement trajectory of the body center showed a more significant amount of change in the ARW2 group than in the ARST group, and the change in the movement trajectory of the bow center did not show a significant difference between the two groups.

scholarly journals Influence of a Dissection Video Clip on Anxiety, Affect, and Self-Efficacy in Educational Dissection: A Treatment Study

2016 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. ar1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christoph Randler ◽  
Eda Demirhan ◽  
Peter Wüst-Ackermann ◽  
Inga H. Desch
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Negative Affect ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Negative Emotions ◽  
Video Clip ◽  
Biology Teachers ◽  
Treatment Comparison ◽  
Film Treatment ◽  
Efficacy Measure ◽  
The Cost

In science education, dissections of animals are an integral part of teaching, but they often evoke negative emotions. We aimed at reducing negative emotions (anxiety, negative affect [NA]) and increasing positive affect (PA) and self-efficacy by an experimental intervention using a predissection video to instruct students about fish dissection. We compared this treatment with another group that watched a life history video about the fish. The participants were 135 students studying to become biology teachers. Seventy received the treatment with the dissection video, and 65 viewed the life history video. We applied a pre/posttest treatment-comparison design and used the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS), the State–Trait–Anxiety Inventory for State (STAI-S), and a self-efficacy measure three times: before the lesson (pretest), after the film treatment (posttest 1), and after the dissection (posttest 2). The dissection film group scored higher in PA, NA, and state anxiety (STAI-S) after the dissection video treatment and higher in self-efficacy after the dissection. The life history group showed no differences between the pretest and posttest 1. The dissection film has clear benefits—increasing PA and self-efficacy—that come at the cost of higher NA and higher STAI-S.

scholarly journals Behind Dislike: Adaptive Purposes for Undergraduates’ Negative Emotions in the Career Decision-Making Process

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (19) ◽  
pp. 8071
Author(s):  
Keith A. Puffer ◽  
Kris G. Pence
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Negative Affect ◽  
Negative Emotions ◽  
Career Decision ◽  
Emotional Reactions ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Career Decision Making ◽  
Response Options

The first career interest inventory emerged in the late 1920s. The response options for the questions in the Strong Vocational Interest Blank included ‘like’ and ‘dislike.’ Both answers are emotional reactions. Regrettably, clients within the context of vocational counseling often regard negative feelings (e.g., dislikes) as inconsequential. Yet, negative emotionality can be adaptive and feasibly assist career decision-makers. In the literature on college students’ career development and emotional functioning, there is a paucity of information about how negative emotions advance the career decision-making process and how career decision-makers apply such knowledge. Hence, a sample of undergraduates (n = 256) was recruited to ascertain imaginable adaptive career decision-making benefits from negative affect. Employing a Mixed Methods-Grounded Theory methodology, the present study tabulated the negative emotional reactions of college students to vocations that were self- or computer-reported. In addition, their answers to two investigative questions about the selection of their negative emotions were analyzed. From the data, three negative meta-emotions emerged as reactions to participants’ reported occupations; four adaptive purposes for their selected negative affect were also discovered. A theoretical framework and applicative suggestions from the findings are presented.

scholarly journals THE UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE RIGHTS OF PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES AND ITS EFFECTS ON THE PROMOTION OF ELITE DISABILITY SPORT: A WORLDWIDE ANALYSIS

2018 ◽  
pp. 119-138
Author(s):  
Jaime Prieto ◽  
Juan L. Paramio-Salcines
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Persons With Disabilities ◽  
Disability Sport ◽  
Sports Events ◽  
Athletes With Disabilities ◽  
Elite Level ◽  
United Nations Convention ◽  
The United Nations

Little attention has been focused on the analysis of the interrelation between disability and elite disability sport from the human rights perspective as the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UNCRPD) demands of those countries that ratified this global regulation. More than a decade since its promulgation in December 2006, the United Nations itself and a plethora of authors recognises that disability in general and disability sport by extension has not yet been seen as a human rights issue in many countries, principally in developing countries. This paper is divided into four main parts. First, academic literature in relation to disability, human rights policy and sport at elite level is explored. Second, it examines the active role of the International Paralympic Committee, regarded as a major advocate for the rights of the sport promotion of athletes with disabilities, to implement the Convention by the organisation of sports events for Paralympic athletes worldwide at all levels of the sport development continuum. Third, it explains the methods and data collection followed in the study and the following section presents results of the analysis. Finally, it draws an international scenario that might be valuable in informing academics, institutions and professionals to promote elite disability sport from the human rights perspective.

Systematically Reviewing the Efficacy of Mindfulness-Based Interventions for Enhanced Athletic Performance

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 232-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan Sappington ◽  
Kathryn Longshore
Keyword(s):  
Sport Psychology ◽  
Performance Enhancement ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Skills Training ◽  
Sport Performance ◽  
The Body ◽  
Psychological Skills ◽  
Psychological Skills Training ◽  
Quality Of Research

The field of applied sport psychology has traditionally grounded its performance enhancement techniques in the cognitive-behavioral elements of psychological skills training. These interventions typically advocate for controlling one’s cognitive and emotional processes during performance. Mindfulness-based approaches, on the other hand, have recently been introduced and employed more frequently in an effort to encourage athletes to adopt a nonjudgmental acceptance of all thoughts and emotions. Like many applied interventions in sport psychology, however, the body of literature supporting the efficacy of mindfulness-based approaches for performance enhancement is limited, and few efforts have been made to draw evidence-based conclusions from the existing research. The current paper had the purpose of systematically reviewing research on mindfulness-based interventions with athletes to assess (a) the efficacy of these approaches in enhancing sport performance and (b) the methodological quality of research conducted thus far. A comprehensive search of relevant databases, including peer-reviewed and gray literature, yielded 19 total trials (six case studies, two qualitative studies, seven nonrandomized trials, and four randomized trials) in accordance with the inclusion criteria. An assessment tool was used to score studies on the quality of research methodology. While a review of this literature yielded preliminary support for the efficacy of mindfulness-based performance enhancement strategies, the body of research also shows a need for more methodologically rigorous trials.

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