Halves Requiring Completion

2020 ◽  
pp. 99-139
Author(s):  
Megan Kaes Long
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Early Development ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Harmonic Component ◽  
Phrase Structure ◽  
Text Setting ◽  
Listening Strategies

Sixteenth-century theorists did not describe phrase structure; they were concerned instead with counterpoint. But phrase was an unavoidable consideration in the fast-paced, syllabic environment of vocal homophony. Schematic text-setting ensured that homophonic phrases were concise and discrete, segmenting the musical surface into short, symmetrical units demarcated by efficient cadences. Melodic construction changed in turn, as composers focused on getting from cadence to cadence. These early experiments with phrase design had a strong harmonic component: through the analysis of over one thousand phrases, this chapter demonstrates how repertoire-wide norms privilege dominant–tonic relationships at the phrase level. Composers supported these harmonic trajectories with new melodic strategies that emphasized transposition and transformation of goal-directed motives. Ultimately, phrase structure—especially the nascent musical period—encouraged dynamic listening strategies that played a crucial role in the early development of tonality.

Humanism and the Invention of Homophony

2020 ◽  
pp. 203-248
Author(s):  
Megan Kaes Long
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Rote Learning ◽  
Text Setting ◽  
Broad View ◽  
Philosophical Movement ◽  
Vernacular Poetry ◽  
Listening Strategies

This chapter takes a broad view of sixteenth-century homophonic genres to argue that homophony is a potent solution for several aesthetic problems motivated by the demands of humanism. The frottola reflects the transformation of an improvised tradition into a literate one: composers designed flexible musical frameworks that accommodated varied courtly poems but that sacrificed musical trajectories for poetic ones. Midcentury musique mesurée arose from a philosophical movement rather than a musical one; its rhythmic experimentation interacts in elegant ways with its harmonic trajectories. The Lutheran cantional brings homophony to the sacred realm; the demands of rote learning and the character of borrowed melodies overrode the development of a metrically motivated text-setting schemes. Though these repertoires set texts in three languages and span one hundred years, they share an interest in vernacular poetry and text comprehensibility. And they encourage the same kinds of listening strategies manifested in the balletto repertoire.

GOD OF METALS: TLATLAUHQUI TEZCATLIPOCA AND THE SACRED SYMBOLISM OF METALLURGY IN MICHOACAN, WEST MEXICO

2010 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans Roskamp
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Metal Artifacts ◽  
Technology Studies ◽  
West Mexico

AbstractIn recent years the development of metallurgy in West Mexico has received increasing attention in the field of archaeological and technology studies. Considering that the latter already include excellent descriptions and analysis of the ritual and sumptuary functions of metal artifacts, the present article focuses on the sacred symbolism of the metal resources and the metalworking process itself according to several indigenous cosmogonical narratives and other additional pictorial and alphabetical sources from sixteenth-century Michoacan and adjacent cultural areas. The available documentation clearly shows that a crucial role was attributed to the native god Tlatlauhqui Tezcatlipoca.

Spaces for Music in Sixteenth-Century Paduan Courts

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
GUIDO BELTRAMINI
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Rare Plants ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
Pietro Bembo ◽  
Literary Sources ◽  
Hadrian’S Villa ◽  
Hadrian's Villa ◽  
The Ideal ◽  
The Way

This chapter is dedicated to a particular culture relating to the way one might ideally lead one's life in line with ancient practices and views. The trend in question, which developed in Padua in the first half of the Cinquecento, was promoted by such humanists as Pietro Bembo, Alvise Cornaro and Marco Mantova Benavides. Exceptional connoisseurs of the mores and values of antiquity, these intellectuals personally supervised and directed the building of their homes. Following the model of Hadrian's villa at Tivoli, the complexes of these Paduan residences comprised dwelling areas, pavilions, large gardens and the installation of fountains, statues and rare plants. Inspired by literary sources, the ideal of recreating the ‘ancient’ way of life, in which music played a crucial role, was revived.

Encountering Homer through Greek Plays in Sixteenth-Century Europe

2018 ◽  
pp. 63-75
Author(s):  
Tanya Pollard
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Fifth Century ◽  
Literary Texts

Originally received as oral performances, Homer’s epics circulated in sixteenth-century Europe not only as printed literary texts, but also through performances of a different sort. This chapter argues that fifth-century Greek plays on Homeric material played a crucial role in shaping the epics’ early modern reception. In a phrase widely circulated in the sixteenth century, Aeschylus reportedly claimed that all of his tragedies were ‘slices from the great banquets of Homer’. Although Virgil and Ovid were more familiar vehicles for Homeric material, Greek plays made distinctive contributions to perceptions of Troy and its aftermath through their links with performance, and their status as models for dramatic genres. It is proposed that the versions of Homer transmitted through Greek plays had an important role in shaping not only early modern understandings of Homer, but also the development of the early modern popular stage.

The Importance of Imports

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia J. Graham
Keyword(s):  
Popular Culture ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Cultural Identity ◽  
Material Culture ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Chinese Culture ◽  
Material Objects ◽  
Artistic Life ◽  
Obaku Zen

This chapter explores the cultural identity of Ōbaku Zen, which played a crucial role in the sixteenth century as a vehicle for importing Chinese culture. This was manifested in Manpukuji’s initial trove of material culture associated with the temple’s founder, Ingen Ryūki (Ch. Yinyuan Longqi, 1592–1684). It also touches upon the reception and legacy of Ingen’s material objects to demonstrate how naturalized into Japanese life Ōbaku’s presence became. This greatly affected other sectarian traditions and even diverse aspects of Japanese intellectual and artistic life and popular culture outside the religious sphere from the Tokugawa era up to the present.

Cadential Syntax and Tonal Expectation in Late Sixteenth-Century Homophony

2018 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-83
Author(s):  
Megan Kaes Long
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Phrase Structure

Abstract This article explores the emergence of tonal languages in late-sixteenth-century homophony by considering the ways in which phrase structure, meter, and cadential rhetoric produce trajectories of expectation. Focusing on the English ballett and the French air de cour, two homophonic, secular, vernacular genres produced according to wildly different aesthetic criteria, it demonstrates how composers’ regulation of harmony and syntax transformed contrapuntal languages into tonal ones. Early tonal languages are thus defined here by the trajectories of expectation that such regulation establishes.

Trinitarian Monotheism and the Birth of Popular Catholicism: The Case of Sixteenth-Century Mexico

1992 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-204
Author(s):  
Orlando O. EspíN
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Popular Catholicism

Since trinitarian monotheism is absolutely essential to Christianity, its proclamation and acceptance play a crucial role in evangelization. And since all evangelization takes place in and through cultural, linguistic, and historical milieux, trinitarian monotheist evangelization can confront major obstacles that can bring about unexpected results. This article attempts to show that the birth of U.S. Hispanic popular Catholicism is partially the result of inadequate trinitarian monotheist teaching. The author studies the case of early sixteenth-century Mexico as an example of this process.

scholarly journals O Brasil nas Obras de Pero Gândavo e Richard Hakluyt

2018 ◽  
pp. 99-127
Author(s):  
Bianca Batista ◽  
Luiz Montez
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
New World ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Discursive Construction ◽  
Santa Cruz ◽  
Printed Books ◽  
History Of ◽  
Richard Hakluyt

This study’s aim is to analyze the discursive construction of Brazil in the chronicle of Pero Gândavo, História da Província Santa Cruz que Vulgarmente Chamamos Brasil (1576) and in the travel collection of Richard Hakluyt, The Principal Navigations, Voyages and Trafqques of the English Nation (1589-1600). Printed books played a crucial role during the sixteenth century once the editors built a history of the new-found lands in accordance with their reigns’ economic and ideological interests. For Gândavo, the chronicle assured the Portuguese possession over Brazil whereas for Richard Hakluyt, the travel collection denied Iberians’ kings sovereignty over the New World and extolled the English maritime enterprise in the Americas, especially in the lands not effectively colonized by the Iberians. We suggest that the printed book was a stage in which the European countries struggled for the riches of Americas.

Decline or Survival? Iron Production in West Africa from the Seventeenth to the Twentieth Centuries

1982 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 503-513 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. M. Pole
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
West Africa ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Iron Production ◽  
Production Constraints ◽  
Iron Smelting ◽  
Local Sources ◽  
Non Local

In the sixteenth century most iron used in west Africa was produced within the region. Extra demand may have been met from the newly established European factors on the coast. By the end of the nineteenth century, in contrast, it was the residue in demand that was satisfied from local sources, the main bulk of iron being imported via the coast and transported inland. For the larger part of this 400-year period imported iron was cheaper than locally-produced iron. What was remarkable, then, was not that iron smelting eventually died out, but that it survived for so long and could be studied in detail in the second half of the twentieth century.It is argued that, although the decline can be related to production constraints, such as the availability of charcoal, influences originating from the rest of the community can be seen to have prolonged the survival of local iron. The organization of labour of both the iron-smelting and blacksmithing processes, together with the way in which iron was marketed, are central to the analysis. In addition, consumption factors are of the utmost importance. Apart from the prejudice against innovation, the fact that imported iron was plainly not as suitable as local iron for the purposes to which it was put, weakened its impact. Also the ritual attitude to local iron has to be taken into consideration. The present universality of non-local sources has resulted in a change in the regard paid to the metal, but it is argued that the position of the smith is unlikely to alter significantly, since it is more related to his crucial role as supplier of tools for other essential activities such as farming, than to the production of iron itself.

Die Pronominal‑ und Partikelkette in den altanatolischen Sprachen

2017 ◽  
Vol 122 (1) ◽  
pp. 309-340
Author(s):  
Ivo Hajnal ◽  
Katharina Zipser
Keyword(s):  
Crucial Role ◽  
Syntactic Structure ◽  
Phrase Structure ◽  
Phonological Processes ◽  
European Languages ◽  
Structural Differences ◽  
Potential Formation ◽  
First Millennium ◽  
A Chain

Zusammenfassung The Indo-European languages of Anatolia in the second and first millennium B. C. share the following typological particularity: The beginning of the sentence shows a chain containing sentential particles, pronominal elements and local particles (referred to as “PPC”). This PPC has a fixed inner order. Our aim is to explain the emergence of the PPC and to verifiably judge the question to which degree the PPC is inherited. Therefore, we investigate the structural differences within individual languages’ PPCs and try to reconstruct the basic PPC-structure common to all Ancient Anatolian languages. Our approach is fundamentally sustained by new considerations concerning the discrepancy between (1) the phonological realization of the PPC and (2) the potential diversity in the underlying syntactic structure, which hitherto has mostly been ignored. We succeed in presenting evidence that, for the potential formation of the basic PPC-structure, not only Wackernagel’s Law plays a crucial role, but at least two further mainly (morpho-)phonological processes are crucial. Our findings lead to a better understanding of Common Anatolian phrase structure.

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