Deferring to the Other

Linguistic Insecurity

This chapter discusses how the notion of linguistic insecurity can illuminate the processes by which essentialist conceptions of language and identity—in particular, the persistent colonial ideology of nativeness—contribute to the hegemonic status of English in neoliberalism. This chapter conceptualizes linguistic insecurity in terms of tensions that speakers experience between conflicting language ideologies. Focusing on the case of Korean mid-level managers working in non-Korean multinational corporations abroad, the chapter argues that the notion of linguistic insecurity allows us to explore how conflicting ideologies about English in neoliberalism—one in which English is valorized as a commodifiable resource available to anyone through projects of self-development, and one in which who counts as a legitimate speaker of English is defined in ethnonational terms—can jointly create a sense of insecurity in those who are traditionally considered non-native speakers of English, and rationalize the inequalities they are subjected to in neoliberalism.

How native and non-native English speakers adapt to humor in intercultural interaction

Humor - International Journal of Humor Research ◽

10.1515/humor.2007.002 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Nancy D Bell

Keyword(s):

Second Language ◽

Intercultural Communication ◽

Native Speakers ◽

Native English Speakers ◽

The Other ◽

English Speakers ◽

Intercultural Interaction ◽

Second Language Speakers ◽

Negative Message ◽

AbstractHumor can often carry an implicit negative message and thus be potentially dangerous to use. In addition, it is culturally and linguistically complex and sophisticated. Because of these things, it poses a challenge for L2 (second language) speakers and we might expect to see attempts at humor failing and causing offense in intercultural interaction. This paper reports on a study that examined humor in interaction between native and non-native speakers of English and found that humor did not seem to be a cause of conflict because of adjustments speakers made to their speech and their situated interpretations of meaning. In general, taboo topics and potentially dangerous forms of humor were avoided and humor was carefully contextualized. Native speakers reported being careful about the vocabulary they used in creating humor and both sides appeared to approach humor in intercultural communication prepared to accommodate the other and with an attitude of leniency.

Phrase frequency, proficiency and grammaticality interact in non-native processing: Implications for theories of SLA

Second language Research ◽

10.1177/0267658316673403 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 33 (1) ◽

pp. 91-118 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Kailen Shantz

Keyword(s):

Second Language ◽

Second Language Acquisition ◽

Native Speakers ◽

The Other ◽

Rule Based ◽

Grammatical Development ◽

Developmental Shift ◽

Reading Experiment ◽

Linguistic Input

This study reports on a self-paced reading experiment in which native and non-native speakers of English read sentences designed to evaluate the predictions of usage-based and rule-based approaches to second language acquisition (SLA). Critical stimuli were four-word sequences embedded into sentences in which phrase frequency and grammaticality were crossed in order to examine whether grammatical processing is modulated by phrase frequency. The magnitude of grammaticality effects for native speakers did not differ by phrase frequency, indicating that phrase frequency does not modulate native grammatical processing. Phrase frequency did, however, modulate the magnitude of non-native grammaticality effects. This modulating effect of phrase frequency on grammatical processing for non-native speakers depended on proficiency, showing a u-shaped change in the size of grammaticality effects relative to speaker proficiency. The overall pattern of change in grammaticality effects suggests a gradual developmental shift in grammatical processing from an initial reliance on phrase frequency to an eventual abstraction of generalizable rules from the linguistic input once sufficient experience has accumulated. Results suggest that second language (L2) grammatical development relies on a combination of both usage-based and rule-based knowledge and processing, rather than exclusive reliance on one or the other.

Het Effect van Het Gebruik van Engels OP Websites Voor Nederlandse Jongeren

Toegepaste Taalwetenschap in Artikelen ◽

10.1075/ttwia.74.08das ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 74 ◽

pp. 81-92 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Linda Dasselaar ◽

Frank van Meurs ◽

Rob le Pair ◽

Hubert Korzilius

Keyword(s):

Secondary School ◽

Native Speakers ◽

Negative Impact ◽

The Other ◽

Intention To Use ◽

English Version ◽

Dutch Version ◽

Better Than ◽

Secondary School Pupils

The use of English in advertising aimed at non-native speakers of English is claimed to enhance image and text evaluation and to have no negative impact on comprehension. We tested these claims using promotional websites aimed at Dutch youngsters. Dutch secondary school pupils evaluated a completely English and a partly English homepage and completely Dutch versions of these homepages. Each participant evaluated a version with English of one homepage and a completely Dutch version of the other homepage. No significant differences were found between the Dutch and English versions of the homepages regarding image of the product advertised, evaluation of the website, and intention to use the product. The Dutch version either scored better than the English version on text evaluation, or the differences between the versions were not significant. Respondents were better at describing the meaning of Dutch terms than of their English equivalents.

Bangladeshi EFL Learners’ English Connectors: Overused or Underused?

Theory and Practice in Language Studies ◽

10.17507/tpls.0607.04 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 6 (7) ◽

pp. 1357 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Syed Md Golam Faruk ◽

Pulak Barua

Keyword(s):

Native Speakers ◽

Secondary Data ◽

The Other ◽

Final Exam ◽

Efl Learners ◽

English Writing ◽

English Only ◽

Similarities And Differences ◽

The One

The paper investigates the answer scripts of an “English Writing” exam of 72 students in a Bangladeshi university in order to find out the nature and extent of the use of connectors in their second semester-final exam. It also tries to find out similarities and differences between the connector use of Bangladeshi non-native speakers (BNNS) and that of French, Japanese, Swedish, and Chinese non-native speakers on the one hand and between the connector use of BNNS and that of the native speakers of English (only British and American) on the other. To this end, the secondary data for other non-native and native speakers (NS) of almost the same age and level were collected from some published articles. The paper finds that in comparison to NS, BNNS, like most other non-native speakers, underuse most of the connectors.

A Comparative Analysis of Reporting Verbs in Research Papers authored by Pakistani and Native Writers

Global Language Review ◽

10.31703/glr.2020(v-i).07 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol V (I) ◽

pp. 57-66

Author(s):

Tayyabba Yasmin ◽

Intzar Hussain Butt ◽

Muhammad Naeem Sarwar

Keyword(s):

Comparative Analysis ◽

Academic Writing ◽

Native Speakers ◽

The Other ◽

Research Articles ◽

Research Papers ◽

Fundamental Component ◽

Selection Of

Decorous exploitation of reporting verbs is a fundamental component of academic writing. It facilitates in constructing authors’ assertions as well as situating those assertions with the previously published literature in the field (Bloch, 2010). This study has been carried out to examine the phenomena of reporting verbs in the research articles of Education and English written by Pakistani and native speakers of English. A corpus-based approach has been adopted in this study. The corpus of the study comprises of 152 research articles, authored by native and Pakistani researchers in the fields of Education and English. The findings of the study exhibited dissimilarities in the ways the authors accredit the other sources in their work and demonstrate the reported statements in Pakistani and native corpora. This study will assist the research scholars to enhance their awareness regarding an appropriate selection of reporting verbs in their academic writings.

The intelligibility of English verbs in the simple past tense

Veredas - Revista de Estudos Linguísticos ◽

10.34019/1982-2243.2017.v21.27975 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 21 (2) ◽

pp. 57-77

Author(s):

Fernanda Delatorre ◽

Rosane Silveira ◽

Alison Roberto Gonçalves

Keyword(s):

Native Speakers ◽

Nonnative Speakers ◽

The Other ◽

Past Tense ◽

Other Hand ◽

This study investigated the intelligibility of English verbs in the simple past inserted in sentences. The verbs were produced by two adult native speakers of English and six adult nonnative speakers, and they were transcribedby 13 adult Brazilian listeners. Results indicated that the intelligibility rate of regular verbs was similar to the irregular ones, and that the intelligibility of verbs produced by BP talkers was similar to the Spanish talkers. The intelligibility rate of German talkers, on the other hand, was lower than the intelligibility of BP and Spanish talkers but higher than the intelligibility of verbs produced by native speakers.

CONTRASTIVE INTERLANGUAGE ANALYSIS OF EVIDENTIALITY IN PHD DISSERTATIONS

Discourse and Interaction ◽

10.5817/di2021-1-124 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 124-152

Author(s):

Mustafa Yildiz ◽

Ümit Deniz Turan

Keyword(s):

Academic Writing ◽

Native Speakers ◽

Native Language ◽

The Other ◽

Academic Texts ◽

The present study investigates evidentiality in its broadest sense (Chafe 1986) in PhD dissertations as a genre of academic writing. For this purpose, Chafe’s taxonomy (1986), revised by Ifantidou (2001), has been used as a framework in order to analyze three different groups of datasets, including one group of native speakers of English and two groups of non-native speakers: a group of Turkish speakers of English and the other non-native speakers with diff erent L1 backgrounds. The texts of these three groups are examined in order to fi nd out whether the native language of the participants is a factor in the choice of evidential markers. The results show that the native speakers of English use evidential markers more frequently compared to the non-native authors. In terms of the Native Language/Interlanguage comparison in Contrastive Interlanguage Analysis (Granger 1996, 1998), the overall use of evidentiality reveals that non-native authors do not show native-like features in the use of evidentiality. In terms of the Interlanguage/Interlanguage comparison, Turkish authors of academic texts diff er from the authors with various native language backgrounds in terms of the use of evidentiality.

Investigation of the effect of different application techniques on microhardness in bulk-fill composite resins

International Dental Research ◽

10.5577/intdentres.2021.vol11.suppl1.6 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (Suppl. 1) ◽

pp. 32-37

Author(s):

Muhammet Fidan ◽

Hakan Yasin Gönder

Keyword(s):

Vickers Microhardness ◽

Composite Resin ◽

Native Speakers ◽

Composite Resins ◽

The Other ◽

Control Group ◽

Application Techniques ◽

Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different application techniques on microhardness in one universal resin material and three different bulk-fill composite resin materials. Materials and Methods: In this study, one universal composite resin (Universal Restorative 200 [U], 3M-ESPE, USA) and three different bulk-fill composite resins (Filtek-One Bulk-Fill Restorative [F]; 3M-ESPE, USA: Tetric Evo-Ceram Bulk-Fill [E]; and Ivoclar-Vivadent, Liechtenstein; Tetric N-Ceram Bulk-Fill [N], Ivoclar-Vivadent, Liechtenstein) materials were used. A total of 60 disk-shaped samples, including 20 samples from each bulk-fill composite resin group, were prepared. The polymerization of the bulk-fill composite resins in one group was completed using a 2 mm (40 sec) + 2 mm (40 sec) incremental technique, and in the other group, it was completed using a 4 mm bulk technique (40 sec). The U composite resin (control group) polymerization was completed using a 2 mm + 2 mm (40 sec) incremental technique (n = 10). The Vickers microhardness (VHN) values of the samples were calculated. The data were analyzed with Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney U tests (p < 0.05). Results: Higher VHN values were found in the U composite resin compared to those in the bulk-fill composite resins (p < 0.05). In the bulk technique, a lower VHN value was observed in the N bulk-fill composite resin than in the control group (p < 0.05), while there was no difference between the N and E composite resin groups (p > 0.05). A lower N bulk-fill composite resin was observed in the groups in which the incremental technique was applied than in the control group (p < 0.05). When the techniques applied to the bulk-fill composite resins were evaluated within themselves, higher VHN values were observed in the E composite resin in the group in which the incremental technique was applied but not in the group in which the bulk was applied. Conclusion: It was observed that the content differences of composite resins were effective at different VHN values. The U composite resin (control) group showed higher VHN values than all the bulk-fill composite groups. How to cite this article: Fidan M, Gönder HY. Investigation of the effect of different application techniques on microhardness in bulk-fill composite resins. Int Dent Res 2021;11(Suppl.1):32-7. https://doi.org/10.5577/intdentres.2021.vol11.suppl1.6 Linguistic Revision: The English in this manuscript has been checked by at least two professional editors, both native speakers of English.

Probing rhythmic patterns in english-L2

Journal of Speech Sciences ◽

10.20396/joss.v6i1.14984 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 47-58

Author(s):

Ronaldo Mangueira Lima Junior ◽

Guilherme Duarte Garcia

Keyword(s):

Second Language ◽

Native Speakers ◽

Brazilian Portuguese ◽

The Other ◽

Production Data ◽

Control Group ◽

Advanced Learners ◽

Other Hand ◽

Categorical Classification

Languages are traditionally classified as mora-timed, syllable-timed or stress-timed in relation to their rhythmic patterns. The distinction between syllable-timed and stress-timed languages, however, lacks solid evidence in the literature. Syllable-timed languages typically have similar duration across unstressed and stressed syllables, whereas stress-timed languages tend to have similar inter-stress intervals, and unstressed syllables are shorter than stressed syllables. According to this categorical classification, English is a stress-timed language, thus having more reduction in unstressed vowels. Brazilian Portuguese, on the other hand, is typically classified as syllable-timed, and thus has little reduction of unstressed vowels. If these categorical rhythmic differences are correct, then acquiring the rhythmic patterns of English should be a challenging task to Brazilian learners, who are not expected to produce unstressed vowels with as much reduction as English native speakers. However, recent studies have found that the typology of rhythm is best understood as not categorical, but rather gradient, and that Brazilian Portuguese has a mixed classification, with more stress timing than would be expected from a traditional and categorical perspective. We therefore hypothesize that Brazilian learners of English should not have major difficulties reducing unstressed vowels, even when exposed to the second language later in life. To test this hypothesis, we analyze production data of native speakers of English (control group) and of Brazilian advanced learners of English.

Simultaneous Monotic Masking as a Function of Linguistic Violations

Perceptual and Motor Skills ◽

10.2466/pms.1977.44.1.195 ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 44 (1) ◽

pp. 195-202

Author(s):

Gail D. Chermak

Keyword(s):

White Noise ◽

Native Speakers ◽

Normal Hearing ◽

The Other ◽

College Age ◽

Phonological Constraints ◽

Linguistic Rules ◽

Monosyllabic Words ◽

The Right

An investigation was conducted to determine whether grammatical, semantical, and phonological constraints affect aural masking. The rationale centered around the non-representative and non-optimal characteristics of white noise as a masker. Also, prior conclusions that content and linguistic rules do not influence masking warranted examination. Six lists, each of 25 monosyllabic words, were consecutively presented to the right ear along with a simultaneously competing message of 36 college-age, normal hearing, native speakers of English. The 6 classes of competing messages were forward grammatical strings, forward semantically anomalous strings, forward ungrammatical strings, and the same 3 sets reproduced backwards. Articulation scores computed in percentages served as measures. Performances when the forward semantically anomalous strings and the forward ungrammatical strings functioned as maskers were depressed relative to the other conditions and not significantly different from each other.