Patterns of Net Primary Production in Chihuahuan Desert Ecosystems
The Jornada Basin of southern New Mexico has long been an important location for the study of productivity in desert ecosystems. Researchers have studied the magnitude and sustainability of plant production since the founding of the USDA Jornada Experimental Range (JER) in 1912. The consistent administration and research focus of the JER and of the Chihuahuan Desert Rangeland Research Center (CDRRC) have facilitated a number of long-term studies of vegetation dynamics and productivity. These long-term data sets are especially critical for understanding arid ecosystems, where interannual and decadal scale variation in climate is great and plant performance is strongly constrained by the physical environment. Long-term data, including the net primary productivity (NPP) data that are the focus of this chapter, are also essential for understanding the progression or rather, degradation of ecosystem structure that has been called desertification. Through the years a variety of approaches have been used to evaluate plant production in the Jornada Basin. These approaches span the range from applied or management-oriented techniques, focused primarily on assessing patterns of palatable forage production, to more basic empirical studies based on dimension analysis or similar measurements of plant growth, to estimates based on photosynthetic measurements, to remote sensing and modeling approaches. NPP was a particular focus of the work performed during the International Biological Programme or IBP (1970s) and is still a major emphasis in the Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) era. Thus, the Jornada provides a unique opportunity to compare the strengths and weaknesses of different approaches applied to a complex system. Ecosystem science has provided a set of general hypotheses about the factors regulating NPP in arid and semiarid ecosystems (reviewed by Noy-Meir 1973; Hadley and Szarek 1981; Ludwig 1986, 1987). These premises include the following: 1. Plant productivity is low relative to that of other ecosystems (Lieth 1975). 2. NPP is regulated primarily by localized water availability and hence should be correlated closely with precipitation (Le Houerou 1984; Le Houerou et al. 1988). This premise is related to Noy-Meir’s (1973) definition of deserts as “water-controlled ecosystems with infrequent, discrete, and largely unpredictable water inputs.”