Moralizing Self-Control

2020 ◽  
pp. 259-274
Author(s):  
Marlon Mooijman ◽  
Peter Meindl ◽  
Jesse Graham
Keyword(s):  
Social Contexts ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Control Failure ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Pluralistic Perspective

In this chapter, the authors synthesize current research and thinking on the topic of self-control moralization. They focus on three parts: (1) similarities and differences between morality and self-control, (2) the process of moralizing self-control, and (3) the consequences of moralizing self-control. They use a moral pluralistic perspective—the idea that there are multiple, sometimes conflicting, moral concerns within and between cultures and individuals—to argue that research on self-control moralization could benefit greatly from exploring the roles of different types of moral concerns, emotions, and social contexts. The chapter discusses when self-control and morality overlap and when they don’t, what this means for moralizing self-control, and how one might be able to leverage moral concerns to achieve greater self-control success and prevent self-control failure.

scholarly journals Asteroid and Comet Surveys

1994 ◽  
Vol 161 ◽  
pp. 385-400
Author(s):  
B.G. Marsden
Keyword(s):  
Logical Sequence ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Future ◽  
Ecliptic Latitude ◽  
Similarities And Differences

Past surveys are described in the logical sequence of (1) comets visually, (2) asteroids visually, (3) asteroids photographically and (4) comets photographically. Plots show the evolution of asteroid surveys in terms of visual discovery magnitude and ecliptic latitude, and similarities and differences between surveys for the different types of body are discussed. The paper ends with a brief discussion of more recent discovery methods and some thoughts on the future.

scholarly journals Detailed Dissection and Critical Evaluation of the Pfizer/BioNTech and Moderna mRNA Vaccines

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 734
Author(s):  
Xuhua Xia
Keyword(s):  
Codon Usage ◽  
Translation Initiation ◽  
Mrna Stability ◽  
Stop Codon ◽  
Translation Termination ◽  
Critical Evaluation ◽  
Immunization Programs ◽  
Translation Elongation ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Similarities And Differences

The design of Pfizer/BioNTech and Moderna mRNA vaccines involves many different types of optimizations. Proper optimization of vaccine mRNA can reduce dosage required for each injection leading to more efficient immunization programs. The mRNA components of the vaccine need to have a 5’-UTR to load ribosomes efficiently onto the mRNA for translation initiation, optimized codon usage for efficient translation elongation, and optimal stop codon for efficient translation termination. Both 5’-UTR and the downstream 3’-UTR should be optimized for mRNA stability. The replacement of uridine by N1-methylpseudourinine () complicates some of these optimization processes because is more versatile in wobbling than U. Different optimizations can conflict with each other, and compromises would need to be made. I highlight the similarities and differences between Pfizer/BioNTech and Moderna mRNA vaccines and discuss the advantage and disadvantage of each to facilitate future vaccine improvement. In particular, I point out a few optimizations in the design of the two mRNA vaccines that have not been performed properly.

scholarly journals DIDACTIC SUPPORT FOR THE FORMATION OF SELF-CONTROL SKILLS IN FOREIGN TEXTBOOKS: ALTERNATIVE APPROACHES

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga D. Fedotova
Keyword(s):  
Motor Skills ◽  
Original System ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Fine Motor ◽  
Logical Thinking ◽  
Alternative Approaches ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Self Test ◽  
Textual Form ◽  
Selection Of

The paper studies didactic approaches used to create self-test units in textbooks. The system of self-control skills formation is considered on the example of textbooks on reading. The authors define the approaches of textbooks published in Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Russia, the Netherlands, Germany, France and Greece in Cyrillic, Latin and Greek alphabets to the organization of self-control based on the content and structure. The didactic features of these publications are described from the viewpoint of realizing the possibility of self-test of the tasks and exercises. German and Greek textbooks with an original system of self-test in illustrative and textual form are singled out and analyzed in detail. The types of tasks for the thinking development in schoolchildren are distinguished with the use of cluster analysis. The content analysis helped the authors in identifying the five groups of multiple or single selection of objects and things tasks and exercises, reproduction of previously studied letters, sequencing, correlation, and design. The paper shows the similarities and differences in the implementation of self-control skills formation in various editions of textbooks. The separate unit of exercises for the development of fine motor skills are considered as a means of developing graphic accuracy and a prerequisite for the transition to the stage of logical thinking.

scholarly journals Rational metareasoning and the plasticity of cognitive control

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Falk Lieder ◽  
Amitai Shenhav ◽  
Sebastian Musslick ◽  
Tom Griffiths
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Neural Pathways ◽  
Interference Control ◽  
Learning Mechanisms ◽  
Control Failure ◽  
Stimulus Features ◽  
High Level ◽  
Computational Resources ◽  
And Behavior

The human brain has the impressive capacity to adapt how it processes information to high-level goals. While it is known that these cognitive control skills are malleable and can be improved through training, the underlying plasticity mechanisms are not well understood. Here, we develop and evaluate a model of how people learn when to exert cognitive control, which controlled process to use, and how much effort to exert. We derive this model from a general theory according to which the function of cognitive control is to select and configure neural pathways so as to make optimal use of finite time and limited computational resources. The central idea of our Learned Value of Control model is that people use reinforcement learning to predict the value of candidate control signals of different types and intensities based on stimulus features. This model correctly predicts the learning and transfer effects underlying the adaptive control-demanding behavior observed in an experiment on visual attention and four experiments on interference control in Stroop and Flanker paradigms. Moreover, our model explained these findings significantly better than an associative learning model and a Win-Stay Lose-Shift model. Our findings elucidate how learning and experience might shape people’s ability and propensity to adaptively control their minds and behavior. We conclude by predicting under which circumstances these learning mechanisms might lead to self-control failure.

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