Students' Processing of Differently Structured Text Materials Focused on Agricultural Waste Disposal Using Eye-tracking

This study was focused on agricultural waste disposal (AWD) textual materials. Two educational texts are compared: designed texts traditionally with no purposeful design and structured knowledge texts, including the textual form of knowledge units. Eye-tracking technology is employed for retrieving the values of critical indicators specifying the way of reading the texts. We analysed users' visual attention and looking behaviour during the reading process. Thirty-three students worked with 45 pieces of educational texts accompanied by a didactic test. Statistical analyses show statistically significant differences neither in any indicator within studying the texts nor in the users' success rate in the didactic test. The users can work with the knowledge structured texts equivalently with the designed texts in the traditional way. The positive effect for AWD is that users can process knowledge structured texts with better results.

楊起元的思想發展及其對師門之學的塑造

<p>活躍於十六世紀下半葉的楊起元是泰州大儒羅汝芳的弟子。他於師教篤信弗疑，承繼與推廣師學的努力亦廣為傳頌，李贄言楊氏之學「大抵皆本父師之言而推衍之」。不過，前輩學者已經注意到楊、羅之間的思想間距。本文關注楊起元的思想發展，特重其師學塑造，以測定楊氏與其師思想與學說的距離。楊起元於羅汝芳過世後參與兩次師學塑造運動。第一次發生在羅汝芳的喪禮之上，同門弟子咸集驗證所得，以「明德」私諡羅汝芳，也以此為師門宗旨理解羅汝芳之學。喪禮後數年，楊起元閱讀其師遺集而感悟於「孝」，因此開啟《孝經》編纂工程。楊氏藉此發揚羅汝芳的孝弟慈論，但是比起羅氏孝論的源頭《大學》，他更為推崇《孝經》，也認為該經更為契合羅氏之學。師門孝論的核心經典，在楊起元手上完成從《大學》到《孝經》的轉換，是為楊氏參與的第二度師學塑造。本文認為，楊起元的案例顯示陽明學發展至十六世紀末，愈發鼓勵思想學說落實成具物質性之文本，而楊氏所塑造的師門之學正是在落實的過程中，漸與羅汝芳之學分離開來。</p> <p>&nbsp;</p><p>This paper examines the development of Yang Qiyuan&rsquo;s (1547-99) thought with a special focus on his efforts in reshaping the learning of his master, Luo Rufang (1515-88), in order to assess the distance between the teachings of the two. Yang participated twice in events to reshape the teachings of his master. The first time was at the funeral for Luo Rufang, when Yang and the other disciples assembled together to consolidate Luo&rsquo;s legacy. On their own they gave him the posthumous title of &ldquo;Bright Virtue,&rdquo; taken from the Great Learning, and regarded this as a representative element of Luo Rufang&rsquo;s teachings. Years after the funeral, while reading through the master&rsquo;s remaining works, Yang came to realize the significance of filial piety, and thereupon began a project to compile the Classic of Filial Piety, in which he emphasized the themes of filial piety, fraternity and kindness in Luo&rsquo;s teachings. While Luo&rsquo;s theories on filial piety were based upon the Great Learning, Yang instead pointed to the Classic of Filial Piety as more suited for Luo&rsquo;s teachings. Thus, changing the textual basis for Luo&rsquo;s theories on filial piety was Yang&rsquo;s second reshaping of his master&rsquo;s legacy. This essay argues that the case of Yang Qiyuan illustrates Wang Yangmingism (1472-1529) at the end of the sixteenth century developed to emphasize on rendering doctrine into textual form. Yang&rsquo;s reshaping of his master&rsquo;s legacy was part of this process, and led him to part ways with his master&rsquo;s original teachings.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p>

To Determine the Influence of Students’ Past Performance Component of Self-Efficacy on Examination Malpractices among Students in Kiambu County Universities Kenya

The purpose of this study was to investigate the possible influence of students’ self-efficacy on examination malpractices among undergraduate students in Universities within Kiambu County. The objectives of this study includes; to analyze the influence of students’ past performance component of self-efficacy. The data collected from the pilot test was used to compute Cronbach’s alpha reliability coefficient which was found to be r = 0.86, hence the instruments were reliable. The researcher ensured the validity of the instruments by consulting peers and experts from the department of educational psychology, Mount Kenya University. Dependability of qualitative data was ensured through adoption of suitable research method, pre-testing and in-depth interviews. Credibility of the instrument was ensured by triangulating data obtained and creation of research questionnaires based on research objectives. The quantitative data obtained was analyzed using SPSS version 21, and was presented in descriptive statistics inform of frequencies and percentages. Inferential statistics in form of linear regression was used to test the relationship between independent and dependent variables in each objective. Linear Regression Results were presented in model summary tables, ANOVA tables and coefficient tables. Content analysis method was employed to critically analyze qualitative data and presented in textual form. On the first objective, the study revealed that students’ past performance slightly influenced examination malpractices among undergraduate students. The study showed that students’ emotional experiences significantly influenced examination malpractices. Based on the finding, students’ self-efficacy has significant influence on examination malpractices. To address the issue of students’ self-efficacy on examination malpractices, a multi-sectoral approach would be needed, that may involve all the stake holders, that is, the larger society, the government and the students. The incorporation of modern technology in entire process of examination administration and certification would be important in reducing the examination malpractices. An examination policy shift in universities would be necessary too.

The (minimal) persuasive advantage of political video over text

Concerns about video-based political persuasion are prevalent in both popular and academic circles, predicated on the assumption that video is more compelling than text. To date, however, this assumption remains largely untested in the political domain. Here, we provide such a test. We begin by drawing a theoretical distinction between two dimensions for which video might be more efficacious than text: 1) one’s belief that a depicted event actually occurred and 2) the extent to which one’s attitudes and behavior are changed. We test this model across two high-powered survey experiments varying exposure to politically persuasive messaging (total n = 7,609 Americans; 26,584 observations). Respondents were shown a selection of persuasive messages drawn from a diverse sample of 72 clips. For each message, they were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: a short video, a detailed transcript of the video, or a control condition. Overall, we find that individuals are more likely to believe an event occurred when it is presented in video versus textual form, but the impact on attitudes and behavioral intentions is much smaller. Importantly, for both dimensions, these effects are highly stable across messages and respondent subgroups. Moreover, when it comes to attitudes and engagement, the difference between the video and text conditions is comparable to, if not smaller than, the difference between the text and control conditions. Taken together, these results call into question widely held assumptions about the unique persuasive power of political video over text.

<i>dh2loop</i> 1.0: an open-source Python library for automated processing and classification of geological logs

A huge amount of legacy drilling data is available in geological survey but cannot be used directly as they are compiled and recorded in an unstructured textual form and using different formats depending on the database structure, company, logging geologist, investigation method, investigated materials and/or drilling campaign. They are subjective and plagued by uncertainty as they are likely to have been conducted by tens to hundreds of geologists, all of whom would have their own personal biases. dh2loop (https://github.com/Loop3D/dh2loop, last access: 30 September 2021​​​​​​​) is an open-source Python library for extracting and standardizing geologic drill hole data and exporting them into readily importable interval tables (collar, survey, lithology). In this contribution, we extract, process and classify lithological logs from the Geological Survey of Western Australia (GSWA) Mineral Exploration Reports (WAMEX) database in the Yalgoo–Singleton greenstone belt (YSGB) region. The contribution also addresses the subjective nature and variability of the nomenclature of lithological descriptions within and across different drilling campaigns by using thesauri and fuzzy string matching. For this study case, 86 % of the extracted lithology data is successfully matched to lithologies in the thesauri. Since this process can be tedious, we attempted to test the string matching with the comments, which resulted in a matching rate of 16 % (7870 successfully matched records out of 47 823 records). The standardized lithological data are then classified into multi-level groupings that can be used to systematically upscale and downscale drill hole data inputs for multiscale 3D geological modelling. dh2loop formats legacy data bridging the gap between utilization and maximization of legacy drill hole data and drill hole analysis functionalities available in existing Python libraries (lasio, welly, striplog).

PyFlies: A Domain-Specific Language for Designing Experiments in Psychology

The majority of studies in psychology are nowadays performed using computers. In the past, access to good quality software was limited, but in the last two decades things have changed and today we have an array of good and easily accessible open-source software to choose from. However, experiment builders are either GUI-centric or based on general-purpose programming languages which require programming skills. In this paper, we investigate an approach based on domain-specific languages which enables a text-based experiment development using domain-specific concepts, enabling practitioners with limited or no programming skills to develop psychology tests. To investigate our approach, we created PyFlies, a domain-specific language for designing experiments in psychology, which we present in this paper. The language is tailored for the domain of psychological studies. The aim is to capture the essence of the experiment design in a concise and highly readable textual form. The editor for the language is built as an extension for Visual Studio Code, one of the most popular programming editors today. From the experiment description, various targets can be automatically produced. In this version, we provide a code generator for the PsychoPy library while generators for other target platforms are planned. We discuss the language, its concepts, syntax, some current limitations, and development directions. We investigate the language using a case study of the implementation of the Eriksen flanker task.

MAKNA LAFAZH QAUL DAN KALÂM DI DALAM AL-QUR’AN MENURUT PERSPEKTIF ILMU BALAGHAH

This study analyzes lafazh qaul and "kalām" in the Qur'an according to balāghah perspective, also discussing the meaning of the context of the two lafazhs. Because in balāghah's perspective, there is no same word, each lafazh has a different meaning even though it is the same in its textual form. As ibtalā and ikhtabara mean to test. the word ibtalā is used for the meaning of good and bad trials. But the Arabs used it a lot for bad trials. While the word ikhtabara derived from the word khabara is used for the meaning of testing in a good context only. This literature research examines the use of the Qur'anic language in lafazh qaul and kalām and its meaning which aims to examine the miracles of the Qur'an in the aspect of language. The results of this study indicate that lafazh kalām is a part of qaul. Lafazh qaul and expressed in the context of something that is known or not known by humans, and qaul has two meanings, namely qaul mufīd and qaul ghairu mufīd. Meanwhile, lafazh kalām is devoted to the speech of Allah to the prophet, the speech of Allah to fellow human beings, and the speech of Allah to the dead.

Multi Class Data Classification to Improve Accuracy in Sentiment Analysis using Machine Learning

Sentiment analysis means classifying a text into different emotional classes. These days most of the sentiment analysis techniques divide the text into either binary or ternary classification in this paper we are classifying the movie reviews into 5 classes. Multi class sentiment analysis is a technique which can be used to know the exact sentiment of a review not just polarity of a given textual statement from positive to negative. So that one can know the precise sentiment of a review . Multi class sentiment analysis has always been a challenging task as natural languages are difficult to represent mathematically. The number of features are also generally large which requires huge computational power so to reduce the number of features we will use parts-of-speech tagging using textblob to extract the important features. Sentiment analysis is done using machine learning, where it requires training data and testing data to train a model. Various kinds of models are trained and tested at last one model is selected based on its accuracy and confusion matrix. It is important to analyze the reviews in textual form because large amount of reviews is present all over the web. Analyzing textual reviews can help the firms that are trying to find out the response of their products in the market. In this paper sentiment analysis is demonstrated by analyzing the movie reviews, reviews are taken from IMDB website.

PENGGUNAAN ARSIP FILM PROPAGANDA ROMUSHA MASA PENDUDUKAN JEPANG SEBAGAI SUMBER BELAJAR SE-JARAH PESERTA DIDIK

With regard to content about the Japanese occupation in history lectures in universities, most of the available material is in textual form, especially in history textbooks. Meanwhile, there is an abundance of archival videos available about this topic that could be used as media or learning materials in classroom learning. This research aims to offer some ideas in using the propaganda films produced during the Japanese occupation as alternative learning material. By doing so, resources learners are expected to realize the teaching and learning process to be varied, fun, easy to understand, able to stimulate imagination, share events that previously abstract in a short time and can bring learners through space and time indirectly because the film media in accordance with the material, needs and objectives proses teaching and learning.

TEXTUAL VS. SCHEMATIC TEACHING MATERIAL IN A LESSON OF RUSSIAN AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE IN A CHINESE AUDIENCE

The Russian language continues to maintain a leading position as a foreign language in China. Every day students have to work with much information in Russian. According to the confirmed data, the Chinese are representatives of cultures of the right-brain type of thinking. Today some works touch on the psychological and pedagogical aspects and linguo-methodological foundations of teaching Chinese students. The researchers believe it is possible to classify Chinese students as individuals with a significant dominance of the brain's right hemisphere. This is related to the specificity of the cognitive style of their educational activity, which manifests itself in the following features: in an inductive, concrete-nonlinear type of thinking, which allows one to perceive information holistically, at one time, in establishing connections not from word to word, but from image to word, with an important role of a visual image. Leading methodologists and psycholinguists recommend considering the dominance of the right hemisphere to increase the effectiveness and efficiency of teaching Russian as a foreign language to Chinese. Nevertheless, the design of the educational material of the lesson is still formalized in a traditional, textual form. The article aims to experimentally answer the question: in what form, textual or schematic, Chinese students perceive and remember information better. The authors used an experimental method, which consisted in studying the development of educational material depending on the form of presentation: text or schematic. As a result of the experiment, it was revealed that Chinese students make much fewer mistakes when studying the material in a schematic form.