Knowledge Attributions to Minimal Epistemic Agents

2020 ◽  
pp. 45-82
Author(s):  
Jody Azzouni
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Knowledge Attributions ◽  
Two Agents ◽  
Driverless Cars ◽  
Sensory Evidence ◽  
Usage Data

Widespread usage data for “know,” “learn,” “see,” “remember,” and other epistemic words are given. Such words are routinely and literally applied to animals ranging from sophisticated elephants and orcas to insects like ants and honeybees to nonconscious mechanisms like driverless cars, drones, and thermostats. Further, “S knows p” places no constraints on the agent S vis-à-vis the concepts exhibited in p: Rover need not have the concept of “cat” to know that a cat is trapped above him in a tree. How this data shows that a knowing agent need not know much, need not be self-conscious of what she knows, and need not be conscious or capable of metacognition is described. The modularity of agential knowledge is characterized: two agents may have the same sensory evidence for p, and yet one can know p while the other doesn’t because of other aspects of their methods for establishing p.

scholarly journals COLICINE K

1958 ◽  
Vol 108 (5) ◽  
pp. 731-752 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tsunehisa Amano ◽  
Walther F. Goebel ◽  
Elizabeth Miller Smidth
Keyword(s):  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Protein Component ◽  
The Other ◽  
Serological Relationship ◽  
E Coli ◽  
O Antigen ◽  
Two Agents ◽  
Antigen Complex

By immunological means it has been shown that colicine K is associated with the O antigen of the colicinogenic bacillus E. coli K235 L+OC+. The colicine K-O antigen complex elicits the formation of at least two types of antibodies, one a precipitin, the other a colicine-neutralizing antibody. The first precipitates colicine K without neutralizing it, the second neutralizes the colicine without precipitating it. Unlike the purified colicine K complex, the colicine protein component of the O antigen is precipitable by the neutralizing antibody. There is no demonstrable serological relationship between colicine K and phage T6. These two agents must be considered to be separate and distinct entities.

scholarly journals Betting, Selection, and Luck: A Long-Run Analysis of Repeated Betting Markets

Entropy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 585 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giulio Bottazzi ◽  
Daniele Giachini
Keyword(s):  
Relative Risk ◽  
The Other ◽  
Risk Averse ◽  
Quantal Response ◽  
Two Agents ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Binary Event ◽  
Betting Market ◽  
Betting Markets ◽  
The Difference

We consider a repeated betting market populated by two agents who wage on a binary event according to generic betting strategies. We derive new simple criteria, based on the difference of relative entropies, to establish the relative wealth of the two agents in the long-run. Little information about agents’ behavior is needed to apply the criteria: it is sufficient to know the odds traders believe fair and how much they would bet when the odds are equal to the ones the other agent believes fair. Using our criteria, we show that for a large class of betting strategies, it is generically possible that the ultimate winner is only decided by luck. As an example, we apply our conditions to the case of Constant Relative Risk Averse (CRRA) and quantal response betting.

scholarly journals The Clinical Use of Triethylene Melamine

Blood ◽  
1952 ◽  
Vol 7 (7) ◽  
pp. 729-742 ◽  
Author(s):  
SHELDON C. KRAVITZ ◽  
HENRY D. DIAMOND ◽  
LLOYD F. CRAVER
Keyword(s):  
Palliative Treatment ◽  
Nitrogen Mustard ◽  
The Other ◽  
Nausea And Vomiting ◽  
Toxic Effects ◽  
Clinical Use ◽  
Extreme Caution ◽  
Two Agents ◽  
Oral Doses

Abstract Triethylene melamine (TEM), a nitrogen mustard-like compound, which can be administered orally and intravenously, has been found to be of considerable clinical use in the palliative treatment of the lymphomas and leukemias. This drug is indicated when a patient presents generalized disease and constitutional symptoms such as fever and pruritus. The incidence of nausea and vomiting following TEM administration is significantly less than that following HN2. The other toxic effects of the two agents are comparable. TEM may be used in conjunction with roentgen therapy. Patients may be maintained om small oral doses of TEM for long periods of time, but extreme caution must be exercised in the oral use of TEM since its tolerance varies considerably with each individual.

Rendezvous search on a graph

1999 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 223-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steve Alpern ◽  
V. J. Baston ◽  
Skander Essegaier
Keyword(s):  
Complete Graph ◽  
Continuous Time ◽  
The Other ◽  
Spatial Uncertainty ◽  
Mixed Strategies ◽  
Expected Number ◽  
Time And Space ◽  
Two Agents ◽  
Adjacent Node ◽  
Initial Placement

Two agents are placed randomly on nodes of a known graph. They are aware of their own position, up to certain symmetries of the graph, but not that of the other agent. At each step, each agent may stay where he is or move to an adjacent node. Their common aim is to minimize the expected number of steps required to meet (occupy the same node). We consider two cases determined by whether or not the players are constrained to use identical strategies. This work extends that of Anderson and Weber on ‘discrete locations’ (complete graph) and is related to continuous (time and space) rendezvous as formulated by Alpern. Probabilistic notions arise in the random initial placement, in the random symmetries determining spatial uncertainty of agents, and through the use of mixed strategies.

The Variability of Know(s)-that Judgments

2020 ◽  
pp. 97-130
Author(s):  
Jody Azzouni
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Claim ◽  
The Other ◽  
Epistemic Reasons ◽  
Epistemic Contextualism ◽  
Subject Sensitive Invariantism ◽  
Knowledge Claims ◽  
Usage Data

The usage evidence—various scenarios that realistically depict where and when we attribute knowledge to ourselves and others—shows that all the alternatives (epistemic contextualism, subject-sensitive invariantism, knowledge relativism) to intellectual invariantism fail. They fail for several reasons: When cases are compared, speaker-hearers tend to retract one or the other conflicting knowledge claim; the intuitions elicited by various cases don’t consistently satisfy any particular position; the situations under which speaker-hearers retract knowledge claims under pressure seem to support an invariantist position. Nevertheless, no standard invariantist position seems supported by the usage data because speaker-hearers do seem to shift because of differences either in the interests of the agents to whom knowledge is attributed, for example, oneself, or because of other apparently non-epistemic reasons. Attempts to use pragmatic tools, such as implicatures, to handle the apparent shifts in knowledge standards are shown to fail as well.

The Effects of Pharmacological Agents on the Electrical Responses of Cells of Nitella flexilis

1971 ◽  
Vol 49 (9) ◽  
pp. 824-832 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Belton ◽  
C. Van Netten
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanism ◽  
Muscle Fibers ◽  
The Other ◽  
Procaine Hydrochloride ◽  
Animal Cells ◽  
Excitable Cells ◽  
Pharmacological Agents ◽  
Barium Ions ◽  
Two Agents ◽  
Nitella Flexilis

Procaine hydrochloride decreases potential and effective resistance of the membrane and does not produce prolonged spikes. Tetraethylammonium (TEA) and barium ions prolong the spikes of internodal cells of Nitella evidently by delaying K+ activation as is the case in many other excitable cells. The last two agents do not increase the amplitude of the spikes in contrast to their effect on some arthropod muscle fibers. The other effects of Ba2+ and TEA on the spikes of Nitella and animal cells are almost identical. We conclude that the same molecular mechanism is involved in K+ activation in animals and plants.

Scheduling Two-Agents with a Time-Dependent Deterioration to Minimize the Minsum Earliness Measures

2014 ◽  
Vol 31 (05) ◽  
pp. 1450040 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuenn-Ren Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Single Machine ◽  
Processing Time ◽  
The Other ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
Starting Time ◽  
Two Agents ◽  
Scheduling Model ◽  
Maximum Earliness ◽  
Weighted Earliness ◽  
Actual Processing Time

This paper considers a new scheduling model in which both two-agents and a time-dependent deterioration exist simultaneously. By the time-dependent deterioration, it means that the actual processing time of a job belonging to the two-agents is defined as a non-decreasing linear function of its starting time. Two-agents compete to perform their respective jobs on a common single-machine and each agent has his own criterion to be optimized. The aim is to focus on minimizing total (weighted) earliness cost of one agent, subject to an upper bound on the maximum earliness cost of the other agent. The main contribution of this paper is to propose the optimal properties and present the complexity results for the problems addressed here.

The influence of prior expectations on facial expression discrimination in schizophrenia

2012 ◽  
Vol 42 (11) ◽  
pp. 2301-2311 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Barbalat ◽  
M. Rouault ◽  
N. Bazargani ◽  
S. Shergill ◽  
S.-J. Blakemore
Keyword(s):  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Prior Information ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
The Other ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Prior Beliefs ◽  
Specific Instruction ◽  
Emotional Faces ◽  
Fearful Faces ◽  
Sensory Evidence

BackgroundBelief inflexibility is a thinking style observed in patients with schizophrenia, in which patients tend to refute evidence that runs counter to their prior beliefs. This bias has been related to a dominance of prior expectations (prior beliefs) over incoming sensory evidence. In this study we investigated the reliance on prior expectations for the processing of emotional faces in schizophrenia.MethodEighteen patients with schizophrenia and 18 healthy controls were presented with sequences of emotional (happy, fearful, angry or neutral) faces. Perceptual decisions were biased towards a particular expression by a specific instruction at the start of each sequence, referred to as the context in which stimuli occurred. Participants were required to judge the emotion on each face and the effect of the context on emotion discrimination was investigated.ResultsFor threatening emotions (anger and fear), there was a performance cost for facial expressions that were incongruent with, and perceptually close to, the expression named in the instruction. For example, for angry faces, participants in both groups made more errors and reaction times (RTs) were longer when they were asked to look out for fearful faces compared with the other contexts. This bias against sensory evidence that runs counter to prior information was stronger in the patients, evidenced by a group by context interaction in accuracy and RTs for anger and fear respectively.ConclusionsOverall, the present data suggest an overdependence on prior expectations for threatening stimuli, reflecting belief inflexibility, in schizophrenia.

Effectiveness of Liquid Soap vs. Chlorhexidine Gluconate for the Removal ofClostridium difficilefrom Bare Hands and Gloved Hands

1994 ◽  
Vol 15 (11) ◽  
pp. 697-702 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kris Bettin ◽  
Connie Clabots ◽  
Pamela Mathie ◽  
Keith Willard ◽  
Dale N. Gerding
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Clostridium Difficile ◽  
Chlorhexidine Gluconate ◽  
The Other ◽  
Epidemic Strain ◽  
Liquid Soap ◽  
Bacterial Counts ◽  
Statistical Comparison ◽  
Two Agents ◽  
Colony Forming Units

AbstractObjective:To compare liquid soap versus 4% chlorhexidine gluconate in 4% alcohol for the decontamination of bare or gloved hands inoculated with an epidemic strain ofClostridium difficile.Design:C difficile(6.7 log10colony-forming units [CFU], 47% spores), was seeded onto bare or latex gloved hands of ten volunteers and allowed to dry. Half the volunteers initially washed with soap and half with chlorhexidine, followed by the other agent 1 week later. Cultures were done with Rodac plates at three sites on the hand: finger/thumbtips, the palmar surfaces of the fingers, and the palm. Statistical comparison was by paired Student’sttest.Results:On bare hands, soap and chlorhexidine did not differ in residual bacterial counts on the finger/thumbtips (log10CFU, 2.0 and 2.1, P= NS) and fingers (log10CFU, 2.4 and 2.5,P=NS). Counts were too high on bare palms to quantitate. On gloved hands, soap was more effective than chlorhexidine on fingers (log10CFU 1.3 and 1.7, P<.01) and palms (log10CFU 1.5 and 2.0, P<.01), but not finger/thumbtips (log10CFU 1.6 with each, P=NS). ResidualC difficilecounts were lower on gloved hands than bare hands (P<0.01 to <0.0001).Conclusions:The two agents did not differ significantly in residual counts of Cdifficileon bare hands, but on gloved hands residual counts were lower following soap wash than following chlorhexidine wash. These observations support the use of either soap or chlorhexidine as a handwash for removal ofC difficile,but efficacy in the prevention ofC difficiletransmission must be determined by prospective clinical trials.

Rendezvous search on a graph

1999 ◽  
Vol 36 (01) ◽  
pp. 223-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steve Alpern ◽  
V. J. Baston ◽  
Skander Essegaier
Keyword(s):  
Complete Graph ◽  
Continuous Time ◽  
The Other ◽  
Spatial Uncertainty ◽  
Mixed Strategies ◽  
Expected Number ◽  
Time And Space ◽  
Two Agents ◽  
Adjacent Node ◽  
Initial Placement

Two agents are placed randomly on nodes of a known graph. They are aware of their own position, up to certain symmetries of the graph, but not that of the other agent. At each step, each agent may stay where he is or move to an adjacent node. Their common aim is to minimize the expected number of steps required to meet (occupy the same node). We consider two cases determined by whether or not the players are constrained to use identical strategies. This work extends that of Anderson and Weber on ‘discrete locations’ (complete graph) and is related to continuous (time and space) rendezvous as formulated by Alpern. Probabilistic notions arise in the random initial placement, in the random symmetries determining spatial uncertainty of agents, and through the use of mixed strategies.

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