The First 3D Movies

2021 ◽  
pp. 174-176
Author(s):  
Stephen R. Wilk
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Stereoscopic Image ◽  
New Developments ◽  
Rotating Discs ◽  
Electro Optic ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Brain

3-D movies have gone through several waves of popularity. They have appeared several times in the 20th and 21st centuries, with new developments in technology enabling better effects with each new incarnation. Rotating discs, polarizing glasses, anaglyphic glasses, coupled polarizers and optical retarders, and the use of electro-optic shutters each provided small advantages over previous technology. But the basic idea is simple, and was used in the 19th century stereoscope—present each eye with an independent view from a different perspective so that the parallax enables the brain to fuse them into one stereoscopic image. Who invented the first 3D movies? The idea is much older than most people suspect, dating back to the very beginning of cinema.

scholarly journals Meynert and the basal nucleus

2013 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 435-438 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eliasz Engelhardt
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Basal Ganglion ◽  
Basal Nucleus ◽  
Cell Composition ◽  
Substantia Innominata ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Considerable Body ◽  
The Brain

ABSTRACT Meynert described the "loop of the peduncular foot" (Schlinge des Hirnschenkelfusses), and its ganglion (Ganglion der Hirnschenkelschlinge) and related them to Reil's Substantia innominata and Gratiolet's Ansa peduncularis, from which he apparently built up his findings. Koelliker renamed the ganglion with the eponymous designation Meynert'sches Basalganglion (Meynert's basal ganglion), a name which endures to the present day, and described its topographical spread in relation to neighboring structures. Meynert and Koelliker also described aspects of cell composition of the ganglion (or nucleus) with a better account of the latter. Both, together with Reil and Gratiolet, were the outstanding personalities of the 19th century who performed the pioneering studies on basal formations of the forebrain. After these works, a considerable body of research appeared in the 20th century, with a focus on Meynert's basal nucleus and related structures. The development of further knowledge about these structures revealed their great importance in the activity of the brain, as evidenced in both normal and pathological states.

Scoop

2019 ◽  
pp. 133-150
Author(s):  
John Maxwell Hamilton ◽  
Heidi Tworek
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
New Technology ◽  
The State ◽  
Media Economics ◽  
New Developments ◽  
Foreign Correspondents ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Foreign Reporting ◽  
Foreign Correspondence ◽  
The 19Th Century

The state of foreign reporting today is paradoxical. New technology makes some aspects of foreign reporting faster and easier; it has also raised old problems of trust and the high cost of foreign news that were first seen in the 19th century. This chapter situates today’s new developments in media economics and technology in the context of the 19th-century’s foreign correspondence, which was full of hoaxes and bogus reporting, as well as outstanding correspondents on the ground. Our current moment is a recalibration of three trade-offs in foreign correspondence: managed news vs. independence, speed vs. superficiality, and abundant sources vs. reliability. We examine these trade-offs by looking at modern American and European foreign correspondents, who have long grappled with truth and trust in news.

scholarly journals Unconventional Views of Racial Brains in the 19th Century

Nuncius ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 602-634 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudio Pogliano
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Common Sense ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Over Time

Abstract In this article two protagonists of nineteenth-century anthropological culture, Samuel George Morton and Paul Broca, are presented as the embodiment of mainstream stances on the relationship between brain and race. More or less close to their successful raciological tenets, a host of other names might be recalled. However, the main purpose here is to point out some ‘deviant’ opinions that challenged the scientific common sense of an epoch, starting with the nigrophilie expressed by the abbé Grégoire early in the century, to then discuss the cautious ‘egalitarianism’ professed by James Cowles Prichard and William Hamilton or the more explicit view sustained, over time, by Friedrich Tiedemann and Luigi Calori. Their focus was the influence of the brain – its shape, volume, and weight – on intellectual and moral manifestations: a tormented issue that for decades was addressed in different ways and with outcomes that always proved inconclusive.

New Developments in Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 655-658
Author(s):  
MARK C. ROGERS
Keyword(s):  
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Folk Medicine ◽  
Male Child ◽  
New Developments ◽  
The Bible ◽  
The 19Th Century

The concern of pediatricians with resuscitation is an ancient and honorable tradition, which traces its roots directly back to the Bible. In the Book of Kings, it is recorded that Elisha revived a male child, "putting his mouth on his mouth, his eyes upon his eyes and his hands upon his hands; and he stretched himself upon him, the flesh of the child became warm." From this base, resuscitation developed slowly over the centuries, moving from folk medicine resuscitation techniques such as suspending drowning victims upside down or rolling them over a barrel to the more scientific approaches which began in the middle of the 19th century.

A historical note on the ascending reticular formation of the brain-stem

1970 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-17
Author(s):  
Alfred Meyer
Keyword(s):  
Brain Stem ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Reticular Formation ◽  
Historical Note ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Brain

SUMMARYEarly work on the reticular formation has been largely overlooked, and this article traces back to the beginning of the 19th century the roots of modern developments in this field.

scholarly journals O posmrtné historii mozku historika a politika Františka Palackého

2021 ◽  
Vol 190 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-44
Author(s):  
Petr Benda ◽  
Eliška Fulínová ◽  
Vítězslav Kuželka ◽  
Milena Běličová
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
National Museum ◽  
Historical Building ◽  
History Of ◽  
Liquid Preparation ◽  
Czech Society ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Brain

František Palacký (1798–1876), a historian and politician, was one of the most eminent personalities of the Czech society of the 19th century. He died on 26 May 1876 in Prague and on 30 May 1876, in the evening before the burial, the Palacký’s head was dissected and his brain was extracted and preserved as a liquid preparation. Then, it was deposited in the Museum of the Kingdom of Bohemia (present National Museum) in Prague; currently it is stored in a jar concealed in a wall niche of a column (next to a large statue of Palacký) in the Pantheon hall of the historical building of the National Museum on the Wenceslaus square in Prague. The investigation of the Museum archive brought some documents which elucidate certain parts of the history of the Palacký’s brain preparation, although its whereabouts during other periods still remain hidden. For several years after its extraction, the Palacký’s brain was deposited in the Museum library, and between the years 1878–1899 (most probably in 1892 at the latest), it was handed over to the Department of Zoology of the Museum, where it remained until 1931. Next fate of the brain is uncertain until 1958, when it was installed in the wall niche in the Pantheon hall, where it remains till now (with an interruption in the last five years), but again under the responsibility of the Department of Zoology and Department of Anthropology, respectively.

scholarly journals Charcot, Mitchell and Lees: neurology free thinkers and their experiences of psychoactive drugs

2016 ◽  
Vol 74 (12) ◽  
pp. 1035-1038
Author(s):  
Hélio A. G. Teive ◽  
Francisco M.B. Germiniani ◽  
Pedro A. Kowacs ◽  
Renato P. Munhoz
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Psychoactive Drugs ◽  
Scientific Curiosity ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Brain

ABSTRACT Three world-famous neurologists, Charcot and Mitchell, in the 19th century, and Lees, in this century, all of whom had great scientific curiosity, experimented with the psychoactive drugs hashish, mescal and yagé, respectively, in an attempt to increase their knowledge of neurological diseases and how the brain works.

Briquet's Concept of Hysteria: An Historical Perspective

1981 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francois M. Mai ◽  
Harold Merskey
Keyword(s):  
Epidemiological Study ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Female Genitalia ◽  
Physical Disease ◽  
Psychoanalytic Concept ◽  
Environmental Events ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Brain

Paul Briquet's Traité de l'Hystérie was published in 1859 and is a comprehensive clinical and epidemiological study of 430 patients with hysteria. It was widely known and quoted in its time, but was submerged by the rise of the psychoanalytic concept of hysteria at the end of the 19th century. Briquet's work was resurrected in 1971 with the recommendation that the term Briquet's Syndrome be used for certain forms of hysteria. This paper translates into English those sections of his monograph devoted to his concept of hysteria and discusses these in an historical framework. Briquet regarded hysteria as a “Neurosis of the Brain” in which a variety of unpleasant environmental events acted upon the “affective part of the brain” in a susceptible and predisposed individual. He considered the brain to be the “seat of hysteria” because it was the source of the multiple manifestations of the condition. Amongst its many other notable contributions, Briquet's study finally laid to rest hysteria's historic association with physical disease of the female genitalia.

Neurotransmitters and signalling

2012 ◽  
pp. 168-177
Author(s):  
Trevor Sharp
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Psychiatric Illness ◽  
Electrical Current ◽  
Trophic Factors ◽  
Future Research ◽  
General Aspects ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Chemical Transmission

By the end of the 19th century it was recognized that signalling from one neurone to the next occurs at specialized contacts – Sherrington coined the term ‘synapse’. It took another 50 years for scientists to accept that information passes between neurones principally through the movement across synapses of chemicals and not electrical current. Today changes in chemical transmission at brain synapses are accepted as being key to the successful drug treatment, and cause, of many forms of psychiatric illness. This article focuses on general aspects of chemical transmission and describes some recent advances relevant to psychiatry that point the direction of future research. Otto Loewi identified the first chemical neurotransmitter, acetylcholine, in 1921. Today evidence suggests that there are many tens if not hundreds of molecules in the brain that have neurotransmitter properties. These molecules include not only the three major classes of neurotransmitters—amines, amino acids and neuropeptides—but also specific purines, trophic factors, inflammatory mediators (chemokines and cytokines), lipids, and even gases. Examples of molecules that serve neurotransmitter functions in the brain are listed in Table 2.3.4.1. This list is not exhaustive and more are likely to be discovered.

Georg Büchner, Sigmund Freud and the “Schädelnerven” (cranial nerves) – research on the brain and soul in the 19th century

2014 ◽  
Vol 156 (10) ◽  
pp. 1999-2014
Author(s):  
Gerhard Hildebrandt ◽  
Christina Ruppert ◽  
Martin N. Stienen ◽  
Werner Surbeck
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Sigmund Freud ◽  
Cranial Nerves ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Brain
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