Briquet's Concept of Hysteria: An Historical Perspective

1981 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francois M. Mai ◽  
Harold Merskey
Keyword(s):  
Epidemiological Study ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Female Genitalia ◽  
Physical Disease ◽  
Psychoanalytic Concept ◽  
Environmental Events ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Brain

Paul Briquet's Traité de l'Hystérie was published in 1859 and is a comprehensive clinical and epidemiological study of 430 patients with hysteria. It was widely known and quoted in its time, but was submerged by the rise of the psychoanalytic concept of hysteria at the end of the 19th century. Briquet's work was resurrected in 1971 with the recommendation that the term Briquet's Syndrome be used for certain forms of hysteria. This paper translates into English those sections of his monograph devoted to his concept of hysteria and discusses these in an historical framework. Briquet regarded hysteria as a “Neurosis of the Brain” in which a variety of unpleasant environmental events acted upon the “affective part of the brain” in a susceptible and predisposed individual. He considered the brain to be the “seat of hysteria” because it was the source of the multiple manifestations of the condition. Amongst its many other notable contributions, Briquet's study finally laid to rest hysteria's historic association with physical disease of the female genitalia.

scholarly journals Cleft lip: The historical perspective

2009 ◽  
Vol 42 (S 01) ◽  
pp. S4-S8
Author(s):  
S. Bhattacharya ◽  
V. Khanna ◽  
R. Kohli
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Cleft Lip ◽  
Wedge Resection ◽  
Surgical Correction ◽  
Bilateral Cleft Lip ◽  
History Of ◽  
Evil Spirits ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Two Sides

ABSTRACTThe earliest documented history of cleft lip is based on a combination of religion, superstition, invention and charlatanism. While Greeks ignored their existence, Spartans and Romans would kill these children as they were considered to harbour evil spirits. When saner senses prevailed Fabricius ab Aquapendente (1537–1619) was the first to suggest the embryological basis of these clefts. The knowledge of cleft lip and the surgical correction received a big boost during the period between the Renaissance and the 19th century with the publication of Pierre Franco's Petit Traité and Traité des Hernies in which he described the condition as “lièvre fendu de nativitè” (cleft lip present from birth). The first documented Cleft lip surgery is from China in 390 BC in an 18 year old would be soldier, Wey Young-Chi. Albucasis of Arabia and his fellow surgeons used the cautery instead of the scalpel and Yperman in 1854 recommended scarifying the margins with a scalpel before suturing them with a triangular needle dipped in wax. The repair was reinforced by passing a long needle through the two sides of the lip and fixing the shaft of the needle with a figure-of-eight thread over the lip. Germanicus Mirault can be credited to be the originator of the triangular flap which was later modified by C.W. Tennison in 1952 and Peter Randall in 1959. In the late 50s, Ralph Millard gave us his legendary ‘cut as you go’ technique. The protruding premaxilla of a bilateral cleft lip too has seen many changes throughout the ages OE from being discarded totally to being pushed back by wedge resection of vomer to finally being left to the orthodontists.

scholarly journals Meynert and the basal nucleus

2013 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 435-438 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eliasz Engelhardt
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Basal Ganglion ◽  
Basal Nucleus ◽  
Cell Composition ◽  
Substantia Innominata ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Considerable Body ◽  
The Brain

ABSTRACT Meynert described the "loop of the peduncular foot" (Schlinge des Hirnschenkelfusses), and its ganglion (Ganglion der Hirnschenkelschlinge) and related them to Reil's Substantia innominata and Gratiolet's Ansa peduncularis, from which he apparently built up his findings. Koelliker renamed the ganglion with the eponymous designation Meynert'sches Basalganglion (Meynert's basal ganglion), a name which endures to the present day, and described its topographical spread in relation to neighboring structures. Meynert and Koelliker also described aspects of cell composition of the ganglion (or nucleus) with a better account of the latter. Both, together with Reil and Gratiolet, were the outstanding personalities of the 19th century who performed the pioneering studies on basal formations of the forebrain. After these works, a considerable body of research appeared in the 20th century, with a focus on Meynert's basal nucleus and related structures. The development of further knowledge about these structures revealed their great importance in the activity of the brain, as evidenced in both normal and pathological states.

Governmentality, Curriculum Policies, and Citizenship Education

2019 ◽  
pp. 274-301
Author(s):  
Jesús Romero ◽  
Marta Estellés
Keyword(s):  
Tacit Knowledge ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Citizenship Education ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Frame Of Reference ◽  
Knowledge Systems ◽  
European Institutions ◽  
Curriculum Policies ◽  
The 19Th Century

Citizenship education has received increasing attention in recent decades. After its inclusion in the agenda of international organizations and European institutions, many studies and academic debates have taken place. Despite their undoubted merits, a significant portion of that literature has not sufficiently discussed its starting presuppositions. It has often introduced citizenship education as if it were a novelty. That presentism has had a dangerous effect: the ease with which some ways of thinking and talking about citizenship education have been naturalized. Precisely for that reason, a historical perspective is essential: It helps us distance ourselves from our own frame of reference to question what is usually taken for granted by analyzing the changes in the tacit knowledge systems. In this chapter, the authors try to illustrate this by examining the main tendencies that have introduced citizenship education in national curricula during the two key cycles of socio-institutional restructuring experienced by Western countries since the end of the 19th century.

A historical perspective on neurological and neuropsychiatric definitions

2020 ◽  
pp. 3-8
Author(s):  
German E Berrios ◽  
Ivana S Marková
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Biological Psychiatry ◽  
Mental Symptom ◽  
Mental Diseases ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Agreed Definition

Taking a historical epistemological perspective, this chapter explores how neurology and neuropsychiatry were constructed. As a medical specialism developing in the 19th century, neurology resulted from the convergence of: (1) the term ‘neurology’; (2) a set of concepts; and (3) a list of disorders. Such a convergence was facilitated by changes in the manner in which the concepts of neuroses, central nervous system, and lesion were to be defined after 1860. Neuropsychiatry carries a less stable epistemology. Underpinned by the foundational claim that mental diseases are diseases of the brain, its meaning has changed pari passu with redefinitions of the concepts such as mind, mental symptom, cause, and meaning. In the UK, there is no agreed definition of neuropsychiatry either and hence what is currently known as ‘organic/biological psychiatry’ and the claim that psychiatry is just a subregion of neurology cannot be considered as coterminous.

Consequences of changing expectations to law and its institutions

2015 ◽  
Vol 83 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 461-486
Author(s):  
Sören Koch
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
State Power ◽  
Legal Culture ◽  
Legal Order ◽  
Appellate Courts ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
The 19Th Century

The paper focuses on the reasons for and effects of the establishment of appellate courts in Norway. Based on the assumption that the introduction of an appellate system was caused by – and at the same time produced – expectations of law, the author reconstructs central features of the Norwegian legal order and its surrounding legal culture. By especially looking at the crucial role of the legal office of the lawman (lagmann), both in the development of the judicature in general and especially in the courts of appeal, the legacy of the medieval popular assembly (þing / ting) is traced back to its historical roots. The author identifies a close relationship between the increasing influence of state power, the demand for an effective judiciary and prevailing ideals of justice. The result was a not always intended but continuous professionalisation of the judges until the 19th century. The introduction of a jury – consisting of lay judges – appears on this background as aberration. However, as expectations on law had changed, the participation of lay judges had become a political desire in Norway from approximately 1830. To support this political claim the judiciary was restructured by applying a deeply unhistorical perception of the judiciary’s historical roots. Due to contradicting political tendencies it took about 60 years to finally establish the jury-system. Despite the fact that the institution of the jury was constantly criticized by legal scientists and legal practitioners alike and despite losing its political backing already decades ago, it still continues to exist. Obviously, the romantic notion of folks-courts still has not lost its attraction jet. The paper demonstrates that this notion is – seen from a historical perspective – unsustainable.


Chinese urban language in historical perspective

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 139-171
Author(s):  
Richard VanNess Simmons
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Linguistic Diversity ◽  
Lingua Franca ◽  
Late Qing ◽  
Widespread Acceptance ◽  
Social Accommodation ◽  
Urban Language ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Vast Territory

Abstract Three contemporaneous descriptions of Guānhuà from the beginning of the 19th century collectively provide a rich and evocative representation that contains a trove of details regarding the nature of that koine and its relationship to Mandarin and local dialects in the urban linguistic milieu of the late Qīng. The descriptions are those of Gāo Jìngtíng (fl. 1800–1810), Lǐ Rǔzhēn (c. 1763–1830), and Robert Morrison (1782–1834). We find that all three note the existence of two forms of Guānhuà, a northern type, and a southern type. The three authors all present a mix of northern and southern types in their descriptions, though each also gives greater prominence to the southern type. This southern type has a close connection to the southern Jiāng-Huái Mandarin dialects, and takes the dialect of Nánjīng as a primary representative. In overall perspective, these three authors’ descriptions also reveal there was widespread acceptance of, and social accommodation for, linguistic diversity in Qīng China, within which Guānhuà served as the lingua franca that promoted easy communication across China’s vast territory.

The Equation of Motion and Energy Equation for Particles: A Historical Perspective (Keynote)

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Efstathios E. Michaelides
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Energy Equation ◽  
Hydrodynamic Force ◽  
Equation Of Motion ◽  
Spherical Particles ◽  
Momentum Exchange ◽  
Energy And Momentum ◽  
The 19Th Century

Energy and momentum exchange between spherical particles and a fluid is a fundamental problem that has excited the intellectual curiosity of many scientists for more than two centuries. The development of the energy equation of spherical particles in a fluid can be traced back to the work of Laplace and Fourier that appeared early in the 19th century. It is now little known that Peclet formulated the no-slip condition at a solid boundary, by observing the transfer of heat, approximately ten years before the concept of viscosity was conceived. Towards the middle of the 19th century Poison derived the hydrodynamic force on a sphere in an inviscid fluid and a few years later, Stokes formulated what is now known “the Stokes drag” for the steady-state hydrodynamic force acting on a spherical particle in a viscous fluid. Boussinesq and Basset developed a form for the transient equation of motion of the particles with very low inertia towards the end of the 19th century. The mathematical advances of the early 20th century are reflected in developments in mechanics and on the equation of motion of particles. Oseen and Faxen used asymptotic methods to derive improved our knowledge on the behavior of particles with inertia and in close proximity to boundaries. Experimentation contributed very useful correlations on the hydrodynamic force and the heat transfer from particles. The experimentally derived data helped also in the development of semiempirical equations for the transient hydrodynamic force. Regular and singular perturbation methods have been used more recently to derive expressions for the transient hydrodynamic force and the heat transfer from particles during time-dependent processes, both under creeping flow conditions and at low Reynolds or Peclet numbers. The recent advances on computational methods and the exponential increase in computer power enable us to simulate the motion and energy exchange of groups of particles and complex particle interactions. This presentation gives a historical perspective on the development of our knowledge on particle motion and heat transfer inside a viscous or conducting fluid. Emphasis is given on the exposition of the lesser-known works of the 19th century that have placed the foundation for many concepts and methods that are still used today. The presentation concludes with the most recent contributions of the numerical studies and a short exposition of the voids in our knowledge on energy and momentum exchange processes between particles and a fluid.

scholarly journals Problem obcości: opozycja Rosja–Europa w kulturze rosyjskiej (XI–XIX w.)

2018 ◽  
pp. 83-96
Author(s):  
Marek Jedliński
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Russian Culture ◽  
The Third ◽  
The World ◽  
Traditional Societies ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Middle Ages

The article analyzes the historical perspective of the formation of the opposition “friend or foe” in the Russian culture from the Middle Ages to the 19th century. Binary thinking has a universal dimension: it is present in every culture, particularly in traditional societies (in this case it is the opposition Russia–Europe). Hostility towards strangers is already noticeable in the Ruthenian tribes. The outsiders were seen as savages, as animals, and even as evil forces. It relates to the perception of the symbolic center of the world.  It is recognizable in the work of Hilarion and the concept of Moscow as the Third Rome.

scholarly journals The First Cadaveric Dissection in India

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Soumit Dasgupta
Keyword(s):  
Medical Education ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Cadaver Dissection ◽  
Medical Sciences ◽  
Cadaveric Dissection ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Scientific Approach ◽  
Bengal Renaissance ◽  
The 19Th Century

Historical Perspective The first cadaver dissection in India in the 19th century after millennia of social prejudices took place in the recently established Calcutta Medical College in 1835, the first medical college in Asia imparting western medical education to British, Anglo Indians and Indians in the empire.  The first scientific approach to medical sciences commenced following this landmark event and set the trend for future liberal attitudes in society and contributed to the Bengal Renaissance of the 19th century. This is a fictional account of the day when it happened. Only the characters and the fact that the dissection occurred are real.

scholarly journals Unconventional Views of Racial Brains in the 19th Century

Nuncius ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 602-634 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudio Pogliano
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Common Sense ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Over Time

Abstract In this article two protagonists of nineteenth-century anthropological culture, Samuel George Morton and Paul Broca, are presented as the embodiment of mainstream stances on the relationship between brain and race. More or less close to their successful raciological tenets, a host of other names might be recalled. However, the main purpose here is to point out some ‘deviant’ opinions that challenged the scientific common sense of an epoch, starting with the nigrophilie expressed by the abbé Grégoire early in the century, to then discuss the cautious ‘egalitarianism’ professed by James Cowles Prichard and William Hamilton or the more explicit view sustained, over time, by Friedrich Tiedemann and Luigi Calori. Their focus was the influence of the brain – its shape, volume, and weight – on intellectual and moral manifestations: a tormented issue that for decades was addressed in different ways and with outcomes that always proved inconclusive.

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