scholarly journals Charcot, Mitchell and Lees: neurology free thinkers and their experiences of psychoactive drugs

2016 ◽  
Vol 74 (12) ◽  
pp. 1035-1038
Author(s):  
Hélio A. G. Teive ◽  
Francisco M.B. Germiniani ◽  
Pedro A. Kowacs ◽  
Renato P. Munhoz

ABSTRACT Three world-famous neurologists, Charcot and Mitchell, in the 19th century, and Lees, in this century, all of whom had great scientific curiosity, experimented with the psychoactive drugs hashish, mescal and yagé, respectively, in an attempt to increase their knowledge of neurological diseases and how the brain works.

2013 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 435-438 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eliasz Engelhardt

ABSTRACT Meynert described the "loop of the peduncular foot" (Schlinge des Hirnschenkelfusses), and its ganglion (Ganglion der Hirnschenkelschlinge) and related them to Reil's Substantia innominata and Gratiolet's Ansa peduncularis, from which he apparently built up his findings. Koelliker renamed the ganglion with the eponymous designation Meynert'sches Basalganglion (Meynert's basal ganglion), a name which endures to the present day, and described its topographical spread in relation to neighboring structures. Meynert and Koelliker also described aspects of cell composition of the ganglion (or nucleus) with a better account of the latter. Both, together with Reil and Gratiolet, were the outstanding personalities of the 19th century who performed the pioneering studies on basal formations of the forebrain. After these works, a considerable body of research appeared in the 20th century, with a focus on Meynert's basal nucleus and related structures. The development of further knowledge about these structures revealed their great importance in the activity of the brain, as evidenced in both normal and pathological states.


Author(s):  
Amanda Sorrent-Diaczenko

Oliver Wolf Sacks, MD, FRCP, CBE (1933–2015), was a brilliant and unconventional neurologist, scientist, university educator, and acclaimed author. With unquieted scientific curiosity, openness to new ideas, and a profound sense of humanism, Sacks worked to increase understanding of the brain and neurological conditions, while advocating for persons affected to be listened to, considered, and included, in treatment. A person-centered practitioner, Sacks is best known for his literary collections of case histories and empathic narratives, which document his scientific explorations in neurology and illustrate the personal aspects of neurological diseases.


Nuncius ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 602-634 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudio Pogliano

Abstract In this article two protagonists of nineteenth-century anthropological culture, Samuel George Morton and Paul Broca, are presented as the embodiment of mainstream stances on the relationship between brain and race. More or less close to their successful raciological tenets, a host of other names might be recalled. However, the main purpose here is to point out some ‘deviant’ opinions that challenged the scientific common sense of an epoch, starting with the nigrophilie expressed by the abbé Grégoire early in the century, to then discuss the cautious ‘egalitarianism’ professed by James Cowles Prichard and William Hamilton or the more explicit view sustained, over time, by Friedrich Tiedemann and Luigi Calori. Their focus was the influence of the brain – its shape, volume, and weight – on intellectual and moral manifestations: a tormented issue that for decades was addressed in different ways and with outcomes that always proved inconclusive.


1970 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-17
Author(s):  
Alfred Meyer

SUMMARYEarly work on the reticular formation has been largely overlooked, and this article traces back to the beginning of the 19th century the roots of modern developments in this field.


Author(s):  
Petr Benda ◽  
Eliška Fulínová ◽  
Vítězslav Kuželka ◽  
Milena Běličová

František Palacký (1798–1876), a historian and politician, was one of the most eminent personalities of the Czech society of the 19th century. He died on 26 May 1876 in Prague and on 30 May 1876, in the evening before the burial, the Palacký’s head was dissected and his brain was extracted and preserved as a liquid preparation. Then, it was deposited in the Museum of the Kingdom of Bohemia (present National Museum) in Prague; currently it is stored in a jar concealed in a wall niche of a column (next to a large statue of Palacký) in the Pantheon hall of the historical building of the National Museum on the Wenceslaus square in Prague. The investigation of the Museum archive brought some documents which elucidate certain parts of the history of the Palacký’s brain preparation, although its whereabouts during other periods still remain hidden. For several years after its extraction, the Palacký’s brain was deposited in the Museum library, and between the years 1878–1899 (most probably in 1892 at the latest), it was handed over to the Department of Zoology of the Museum, where it remained until 1931. Next fate of the brain is uncertain until 1958, when it was installed in the wall niche in the Pantheon hall, where it remains till now (with an interruption in the last five years), but again under the responsibility of the Department of Zoology and Department of Anthropology, respectively.


2014 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 151-162
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Budziałowska ◽  
Magdalena Górna

Dziewiętnastowieczny Poznań był miastem zaniedbanym pod względem komunalnym i przeludnionym. Utworzenie fortyfikacji wokół Poznania dodatkowo hamowało jego rozwój przestrzenny. Poza murami twierdzy nie było takiego skupiska ludności, jak w śródmieściu, ale za to problem stanowiła bieda oraz ograniczony dostęp do opieki medycznej. Celem niniejszego opracowania jest wykazanie zróżnicowania w przyczynach zgonów oraz ich ekologiczno-kulturowego uwarunkowania wśród poznaniaków z wybranych dzielnic miasta. Dane o przyczynach zgonów zaczerpnięto z ksiąg zgonów dla 4 katolickich parafii: św. Marcina, św. Rocha, św. Marii Magdaleny i św. Małgorzaty. Księgi zdeponowane są w Archiwum Państwowym w Poznaniu. Dla wymienionych parafii obliczono procentowy rozkład przyczyn zgonów w 4 kategoriach wiekowych zmarłych: 0-1 miesiąc, 2 miesiące-1 rok, 2-14 lat oraz 50+. Różnice w częstościach przyczyn zgonów pomiędzy parafiami weryfikowano testem u. W XIX-wiecznym Poznaniu głównym regulatorem umieralności były choroby zakaźne. Najwięcej zgonów wywołanych szkarlatyną, kokluszem, ospą, odrą i tzw. „wysypkami” (prawie 12%) odnotowano w ubogiej parafii św. Małgorzaty. Odsetek zgonów na cholerę był najmniejszy w podmiejskiej parafii św. Rocha i wynosił jedynie 2%. W parafii św. Rocha i św. Marcina chorzenia neurologiczne stanowiły odpowiednio 13,6% i 25,7% wszystkich zgonów. Najczęstszą przyczyną zgonów w parafii św. Rocha była słabość - śmiertelność z jej powodu osiągnęła poziomu prawie 23% wszystkich zgonów. Pozostałe parafie charakteryzowały się znacznie niższym odsetkiem zgonów z przyczyn neurologicznych (od prawie 4% do 7,5%). Częstość zgonów na gruźlicę także różnicowała badane parafie. Najwięcej odnotowano ich w parafii ze śródmieścia (św. Marii Magdaleny) oraz w parafiach: św. Małgorzaty i św. Marcina, najmniej w parafii św. Rocha. Tę ostatnią z kolei wyróżniała wysoka śmiertelność z powodu tzw. gorączek. Rozbieżności w częstościach zgonów z wymienionych przyczyn pomiędzy ludnością z centrum miasta i tą z dzielnic podmiejskich wynikały z przyczyn ekologicznych i kulturowych, w tym z niskiego poziomu fachowej wiedzy na temat chorób, co ostatecznie przekładało się na ich błędne rozpoznawanie i diagnozowanie. What did the inhabitants of Poznań die of? The analysis of death causes in environmentally and culturally diversified districts of Poznań In the 19th century, Poznań was an overpopulated and municipally-wise neglected city. Additionally, the fortifications surrounding Poznań blocked its spatial development. Behind the city walls, population was much lower than in the downtown area. However, poverty and limited access to healthcare were the real problems. The aim of the article is to demonstrate selected causes of death in selected Poznan districts and the role of environmental and cultural factors in this subject. Data on death cases are derived from the church registers in 4 Roman Catholic parishes: St. Martin’s, St. Roch’s, St. Mary Magdalene’s and St. Margaret’s. These registers are deposited in the National Archive in Poznan. For the abovementioned parishes, death causes were presented in percentage values and categorized in four age groups: children up to one moth, children between 2 months and 1 year, children between 2 and 14 years and people over 50 years old. Differences that appear when it comes to the number of death causes among the parishes were verified with the u test. In the 19th century, in Poznań the most common mortality regulator were infectious diseases. The largest number of deaths caused by scarlet flu, pertussis, smallpox, measles and the socalled “rashes” (almost 12%) was registered in a poor St.Margaret’s parish. The cholera death toll was the smallest in the suburban St. Roch’s parish – only 2% of deaths were caused by it. In St. Roch’s and St. Martin’s parishes, neurological diseases were responsible for 13.6% and 25.7% of all the deaths respectively. The most common death cause in St. Roch’s parish was weakness – weakness-related mortality reached 23% of all deaths. All the other parishes had much lower mortality rate related to neurological diseases (from almost 4% to 7.5%). Number of tuberculosis- related deaths also differed among the parishes. The highest mortality was observed in the downtown parish (St. Mary Magdalene’s) and in St. Margaret’s and St. Martin’s. The lowest – in St. Roch’s. However, St. Roch’s had a high mortality rate caused by the so-called fevers. Environmental and cultural factors, e. g. poor medical knowledge and therefore bad identification and diagnosis, influenced the fact that people from the downtown area and people from the suburbs died from different reasons and at different times.


2021 ◽  
pp. 174-176
Author(s):  
Stephen R. Wilk

3-D movies have gone through several waves of popularity. They have appeared several times in the 20th and 21st centuries, with new developments in technology enabling better effects with each new incarnation. Rotating discs, polarizing glasses, anaglyphic glasses, coupled polarizers and optical retarders, and the use of electro-optic shutters each provided small advantages over previous technology. But the basic idea is simple, and was used in the 19th century stereoscope—present each eye with an independent view from a different perspective so that the parallax enables the brain to fuse them into one stereoscopic image. Who invented the first 3D movies? The idea is much older than most people suspect, dating back to the very beginning of cinema.


1981 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francois M. Mai ◽  
Harold Merskey

Paul Briquet's Traité de l'Hystérie was published in 1859 and is a comprehensive clinical and epidemiological study of 430 patients with hysteria. It was widely known and quoted in its time, but was submerged by the rise of the psychoanalytic concept of hysteria at the end of the 19th century. Briquet's work was resurrected in 1971 with the recommendation that the term Briquet's Syndrome be used for certain forms of hysteria. This paper translates into English those sections of his monograph devoted to his concept of hysteria and discusses these in an historical framework. Briquet regarded hysteria as a “Neurosis of the Brain” in which a variety of unpleasant environmental events acted upon the “affective part of the brain” in a susceptible and predisposed individual. He considered the brain to be the “seat of hysteria” because it was the source of the multiple manifestations of the condition. Amongst its many other notable contributions, Briquet's study finally laid to rest hysteria's historic association with physical disease of the female genitalia.


Author(s):  
Trevor Sharp

By the end of the 19th century it was recognized that signalling from one neurone to the next occurs at specialized contacts – Sherrington coined the term ‘synapse’. It took another 50 years for scientists to accept that information passes between neurones principally through the movement across synapses of chemicals and not electrical current. Today changes in chemical transmission at brain synapses are accepted as being key to the successful drug treatment, and cause, of many forms of psychiatric illness. This article focuses on general aspects of chemical transmission and describes some recent advances relevant to psychiatry that point the direction of future research. Otto Loewi identified the first chemical neurotransmitter, acetylcholine, in 1921. Today evidence suggests that there are many tens if not hundreds of molecules in the brain that have neurotransmitter properties. These molecules include not only the three major classes of neurotransmitters—amines, amino acids and neuropeptides—but also specific purines, trophic factors, inflammatory mediators (chemokines and cytokines), lipids, and even gases. Examples of molecules that serve neurotransmitter functions in the brain are listed in Table 2.3.4.1. This list is not exhaustive and more are likely to be discovered.


2014 ◽  
Vol 156 (10) ◽  
pp. 1999-2014
Author(s):  
Gerhard Hildebrandt ◽  
Christina Ruppert ◽  
Martin N. Stienen ◽  
Werner Surbeck

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