Nuclear Mosques and Monuments

2021 ◽  
pp. 189-216
Author(s):  
Jacob Darwin Hamblin

After the Indian nuclear test and the oil crisis of the mid-1970s, North Americans and Europeans exerted leverage through the very technologies that represented power, might, and independence—not the vague promises of technical assistance programs but direct aid in advanced equipment such as fighter planes, tanks, and missiles. Still, nuclear reactors had become symbols of power in South Asia and the Middle East, and numerous governments financed ambitious nuclear programs—many of them with clandestine bomb programs. Despite the risks of weapons proliferation, it seemed clear to US and European governments that encouraging nuclear infrastructure, by promising a cornucopian future, was a clear path forward in regaining control of the world’s natural resources and reasserting leverage in a changing geopolitical landscape.

1992 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 216
Author(s):  
William B. Quandt ◽  
Shelley A. Stahl ◽  
Geoffrey Kemp

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Christopher Low

During the Cold War, from the early 1950s through the 1970s, the US Office of Saline Water was instrumental in spearheading the basic research and development that incubated the desalting techniques we see today. American technical assistance programs were fundamental to the growth of desalination capacity in the Middle East and its eventual globalisation. However, the federal government's original target for desalination was southern California and the arid Southwest. Desalination was proposed as the emergency backstop in the event that California's unquenchable thirst would inevitably overtax the dams of the Colorado River. And yet, American desalination never fully came to fruition. Instead, the promise of domestic desalination was co-opted and cannibalised by Cold War foreign policy. This essay traces how the Office of Saline Water's domestic desalination plans were repackaged and exported to Israel and Saudi Arabia. This essay considers how and why the United States slipped from the vanguard of desalination research while the Middle East emerged as its global leader. By connecting and comparing the divergent experiences of the American West and the Middle East, it also sheds new light on the nexus between the production of desalinated water and its key ingredient, energy.


Author(s):  
S.A. Kirillina ◽  
A.L. Safronova ◽  
V.V. Orlov

Аннотация В статье изучены общие и специфические черты идейных воззрений, пропагандистской риторики и политических действий представителей халифатистского движения на Ближнем Востоке и в Южной Азии. В ретроспективном ключе прослеживается эволюция представлений о сущности и необходимости возрождения института халифата в трудах исламских идеологов, реформаторов и политиков Джамал ад-Дина ал-Афгани, Абд ар-Рахмана ал-Кавакиби, Мухаммада Рашида Риды, Абул Калама Азада. Внимание авторов сосредоточено на общественно-политических дискуссиях 2030-х годов XX столетия, а также на повестке дня халифатистских конгрессов и конференций этого периода. На них вырабатывались первые представления современников о пост-османском формате мусульманского единства и идейно-политической роли будущего халифата. Авторы демонстрируют различие между моделями реакции мусульман Ближнего Востока и Южной Азии на упразднение османского халифата республиканским руководством Турции. Установлена многоаспектная взаимосвязь между халифатистскими ценностями, проосманскими настроениями и формами самоотождествления, которые сложились в арабских и южноазиатских обществах. Отдельно намечено соотношение между подъемом халифатистских настроений и радикализацией антиколониальных действий мусульман Индостана.Abstract The article deals with analysis of common and specific features of ideas, propaganda, rhetoric and political actions taken by representatives of the movement for defense of the Caliphate in the Middle East and South Asia. The retrospection showing the transformation of conception of the Caliphate and the necessity of its revival in the works of eminent ideologists and politicians of the Muslim world Jamal al-Din al-Afghani, Abd al-Rahman al-Kawakibi, Muhammad Rashid Rida and Abul Kalam Azad, is also given in the article. The authors also focus on the social and political discussions of the 1920s 1930s, as well as on the agenda of Caliphatist congresses and conferences of this period. They helped to elaborate the early representations of post-Ottoman pattern of the Muslim unity and the ideological and political role of the future Caliphate. The authors demonstrate the difference between the forms of reaction of Muslims in the Middle East and South Asia to the repudiation of the Caliphate by the Republican leaders of Turkey. The article establishes a multi-aspect interaction between the Caliphatist values and forms of self-identification, emerged in Arab and South Asian societies. The correlation between the rise of Caliphatist attitudes and radicalization of anti-colonial actions of South Asian Muslims is also outlined.


2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 528
Author(s):  
Ako Abubakr Jaffar ◽  
Mazen Ismaeel Ghareb ◽  
Karzan Hussein Sharif

The Retailers all over the world are prospering from the burgeoning trend of online shopping. Kurdistan Regional Government is still struggling to grow its e-commerce markets. On the other hands e-commerce in Various countries in the Middle East have some of the world’s highest internet and mobile penetration rates. Alternative payments methods are quickly expanding, and having access to some of the world’s most coveted natural resources that allows countries in their region to have some of the highest GDP in the world. There are several challenges prevalent in the KRG Region market that will require international merchants to develop strategies based on innovation and vigilance. This unique region is plagued with complications many other countries have little to no experience with e-commerce, which highlights the need for retailers to have a deep understanding as to how this region operates before they can begin finding solutions. One of the biggest concerns today's consumers have is the risk of fraud when they are shopping online. With highly sophisticated malware and perceptive cybercriminals, customers' card and bank information can easily be stolen if a merchant does not take the proper security measures. In this paper we summarize all challenges need to be addressed in KRG in order to make correct steps to apply e-commerce in KRG. Finally, the recommendations and framework are proposed for e-commerce to encourage government, organizations, and people to take advantages from e-commerce.


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