Proposing a Regional Normative Framework for Limiting the Potential for Unintentional or Escalatory Engagements with Increasingly Autonomous Weapon Systems

2021 ◽  
pp. 259-272
Author(s):  
Austin Wyatt ◽  
Jai Galliott
Keyword(s):  
Technological Development ◽  
Autonomous Systems ◽  
Southeast Asian ◽  
Regional Security ◽  
Systems Modeling ◽  
Weapon Systems ◽  
The Past ◽  
Normative Framework ◽  
Conventional Weapons

While the Conference on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW)-sponsored process has steadily slowed, and occasionally stalled, over the past five years, the pace of technological development in both the civilian and military spheres has accelerated. In response, this chapter suggests the development of a normative framework that would establish common procedures and de-escalation channels between states within a given regional security cooperative prior to the demonstration point of truly autonomous weapon systems. Modeling itself on the Guidelines for Air Military Encounters and Guidelines Maritime Interaction, which were recently adopted by the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, the goal of this approach is to limit the destabilizing and escalatory potential of autonomous systems, which are expected to lower barriers to conflict and encourage brinkmanship while being difficult to definitively attribute. Overall, this chapter focuses on evaluating potential alternatives avenues to the CCW-sponsored process by which ethical, moral, and legal concerns raised by the emergence of autonomous weapon systems could be addressed.

scholarly journals Life Cycle Assessment and Material Flow Analysis: Two Under-Utilized Tools for Informing E-Waste Management

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (14) ◽  
pp. 7939
Author(s):  
Sohani Vihanga Withanage ◽  
Komal Habib
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle Assessment ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Material Flow ◽  
Keyword Search ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
Flow Analysis ◽  
Material Flow Analysis ◽  
Civil Society Organizations ◽  
The Past ◽  
Depth Analysis

The unprecedented technological development and economic growth over the past two decades has resulted in streams of rapidly growing electronic waste (e-waste) around the world. As the potential source of secondary raw materials including precious and critical materials, e-waste has recently gained significant attention across the board, ranging from governments and industry, to academia and civil society organizations. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of the last decade of e-waste literature followed by an in-depth analysis of the application of material flow analysis (MFA) and life cycle assessment (LCA), i.e., two less commonly used strategic tools to guide the relevant stakeholders in efficient management of e-waste. Through a keyword search on two main online search databases, Scopus and Web of Science, 1835 peer-reviewed publications were selected and subjected to a bibliographic network analysis to identify and visualize major research themes across the selected literature. The selected 1835 studies were classified into ten different categories based on research area, such as environmental and human health impacts, recycling and recovery technologies, associated social aspects, etc. With this selected literature in mind, the review process revealed the two least explored research areas over the past decade: MFA and LCA with 33 and 31 studies, respectively. A further in-depth analysis was conducted for these two areas regarding their application to various systems with numerous scopes and different stages of e-waste life cycle. The study provides a detailed discussion regarding their applicability, and highlights challenges and opportunities for further research.

HATIMU AISYAH KARYA ZURINAH HASSAN MENERUSI PERSPEKTIF ELAINE SHOWALTER MODEL BAHASA

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 54-62
Author(s):  
NUR ZALIKHA MAT RADZI ◽  
NASIRIN ABDILLAH ◽  
DAENG HALIZA DAENG JAMAL
Keyword(s):  
Language Model ◽  
Southeast Asian ◽  
Language Models ◽  
Symbolic Language ◽  
Female Characters ◽  
Literary Works ◽  
The Past ◽  
Historical Practices

Hatimu Aisyah karya Sasterawan Negara ke-13 iaitu - Zurinah Hassan, yang juga penerima Anugerah Hadiah Penulis Asia Tenggara (SEA Write Award) pada tahun 2004. Rentetan kejayaan beliau, telah menjadi tumpuan para pengkaji untuk meneliti aspek mengenai pengarangan wanita. Hatimu Aisyah merupakan novel pertama dihasilkan oleh Zurinah Hassan yang menekankan mengenai amalan adat resam zaman terdahulu sehingga ditelan arus pemodenan zaman. Novel Hatimu Aisyah mengetengahkan gambaran wanita yang mengutamakan adat dalam konteks perjalanan hidup bermasyarakat. Kajian terhadap karya Zurinah Hassan ini, bersandarkan kepada Model Bahasa Gagasan Elaine Showalter dari perspektif ginokritik untuk melihat watak-watak wanita. Antara Perbincangan dalam kajian ini adalah berfokuskan kepada simbolik bahasa dan bahasa sebagai ekspresi kesedaran wanita. Hasil dapatan keseluruhan kajian menunjukkan bahawa Zurinah Hassan menggunakan bahasa yang bersesuaian dengan gagasan bahasa daripada Elaine Showalter tetapi agak kurang menyerlah. Hal ini disebabkan keterbatasan penggunaan bahasa selaras dengan sosiobudaya masyarakat Melayu. Penemuan kajian ini dalam model bahasa wanita dapat dilihat menerusi simbolik bahasa dan bahasa sebagai ekspresi kesedaran wanita. Hasil manfaat dan kepentingan diperolehi masa hadapan dapat dilihat bahawa golongan wanita menzahirkan protes dan kritikan menerusi corak penulisan karya mereka meskipun masih dalam keadaan terkawal.   Hatimu Aisyah the 13th National literary works, namely-Zurinah Hassan, who is also the recipient of the Southeast Asian Writer award (SEA Write Award) in 2004. His success string has been the focus of researchers to examine the aspects of women's writings. Hatimu Aisyah is the first novel to be produced by Zurinah Hassan that emphasizes on the historical practices of the past, having swallowed the current modernization of the day. The Hatimu Aisyah Novel highlights the portrayal of women who are customcentric in the context of the communities life. Studies on Zurinah Hassan's work are based on the language Model of Elaine Showalter from the perspective of Ginokritik to see the female characters. Among the discussions in this study are focused on symbolic language and language as a expression of women's awareness. The overall findings of the study showed that Zurinah Hassan used a language that fits the language idea of Elaine Showalter but was somewhat less striking. This is due to the limitations of usage in line with the Malay social. The findings of this study in female language models can be seen through the symbolic language and language in the expression of women's awareness. The results of the benefits and interests gained future can be seen that women are in their protest and criticism through their work writing patterns despite being controlled.

scholarly journals Counterfactuality as a Polyphonic Assemblage. Entangled Human and Nonhuman Stories of Early Modern Sciences in Neal Stephenson’s The Baroque Cycle

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 110-121
Author(s):  
Mateusz Chaberski
Keyword(s):  
Science Fiction ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Multispecies Ethnography ◽  
The Past ◽  
Political Effects ◽  
Neal Stephenson ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ways Of Being ◽  
Point Of Departure

Summary In recent science-fiction literature, we can witness a proliferation of new counterfactual narratives which take the 17th century as their point of departure. Unlike steampunk narratives, however, their aim is not to criticise the socio-political effects caused by contemporary technological development. Such authors as Neal Stephenson or Ian Tregillis, among others, are interested in revisiting the model of development in Western societies, routing around the logic of progress. Moreover, they demonstrate that modernity is but an effect of manifold contingent and indeterminate encounters of humans and nonhumans and their distinct temporalities. Even the slightest modification of their ways of being could have changed Western societies and cultures. Thus, they necessitate a rather non-anthropocentric model of counterfactuality which is not tantamount to the traditional alternative histories which depart from official narratives of the past. By drawing on contemporary multispecies ethnography, I put forward a new understanding of counter-factuality which aims to reveal multiple entangled human and nonhuman stories already embedded in the seemingly unified history of the West. In this context, the concept of “polyphonic assemblage” (Lowenhaupt-Tsing) is employed to conceptualize the contingent and open-ended encounters of human and nonhuman historical actors which cut across different discourses and practices. I analyse Stephenson’s The Baroque Cycle to show the entangled stories of humans and nonhumans in 17th century sciences, hardly present in traditional historiographies. In particular, Stephenson’s depiction of quicksilver and coffeehouse as nonhuman historical actors is scrutinized to show their vital role in the production of knowledge at the dawn of modernity.

scholarly journals The phenomenon of signed music in Deaf culture

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 259-271
Author(s):  
Marina Radić-Šestić ◽  
Mia Šešum ◽  
Ljubica Isaković
Keyword(s):  
Technological Development ◽  
Deaf Culture ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Deaf Community ◽  
The Past ◽  
Art Form ◽  
Cultural Frameworks ◽  
Musical Perception ◽  
Musical Elements

Introduction. Music in the Deaf community is a socio-cultural phenomenon that depicts a specific identity and way of experiencing the world, which is just as diverse, rich and meaningful as that of members of any other culture. Objective. The aim of this paper was to point out the historical and socio-cultural frameworks, complexity, richness, specific elements, types and forms of musical expression of members of the Deaf community. Methods. The applied methods included comparative analysis, evaluation, and deduction and induction system. Results. Due to limitations or a lack of auditive component, the members of Deaf culture use different communication tools, such as speech, pantomime, facial expressions and sign language. Signed music, as a phenomenon, is the artistic form which does not have long history. However, since the nineties of the past century and with technological development, it has been gaining greater interest and acknowledgement within the Deaf community and among the hearing audience. Signed music uses specific visuo-spatial-kinaesthetic and auditive elements in expression, such as rhythm, dynamism, rhyme, expressiveness, iconicity, intensity of the musical perception and the combination of the role of the performer. Conclusion. Signed music as a phenomenon is an art form that incorporates sign poetic characteristics (lyrical contents), visual musical elements and dance.

scholarly journals Antropologia Virtual: novas metodologias para a análise morfológica e funciona

2020 ◽  
pp. 311-323
Author(s):  
Ricardo Manuel Godinho ◽  
Célia Gonçalves
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
Linear Measurements ◽  
Skeletal Morphology ◽  
The Past ◽  
New Approaches ◽  
Morphological Differences ◽  
Virtual Anthropology

Bioanthropology examines skeletal morphology to infer diverse aspects of the funerary behaviour and palaeobiology of past populations. Conventional morphological metric (morphometrics) analysis has typically used linear measurements, ratios and angles. Yet, such quantifications do not allow visualization of the morphological differences nor prediction of the mechanical performance of bones (which may induce morphological differences between populations with diverse behaviours). Virtual Anthropology, which musters several techniques deriving from the exponential technological development of the past decades, provides new approaches to the analysis and understanding of the examined populations. Here, we summarize the techniques used in Virtual Anthropology and how this discipline may augment our understanding of the populations under study.

scholarly journals Quantum-Like Interdependence Theory Advances Autonomous Human–Machine Teams (A-HMTs)

Entropy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (11) ◽  
pp. 1227
Author(s):  
William F. Lawless
Keyword(s):  
Autonomous Systems ◽  
Quantum Decoherence ◽  
Multi Agent Systems ◽  
Scale Free ◽  
Weapon Systems ◽  
Interdependence Theory ◽  
Human Autonomy ◽  
Degree Of Certainty ◽  
Human Operators ◽  
High Degree

As humanity grapples with the concept of autonomy for human–machine teams (A-HMTs), unresolved is the necessity for the control of autonomy that instills trust. For non-autonomous systems in states with a high degree of certainty, rational approaches exist to solve, model or control stable interactions; e.g., game theory, scale-free network theory, multi-agent systems, drone swarms. As an example, guided by artificial intelligence (AI, including machine learning, ML) or by human operators, swarms of drones have made spectacular gains in applications too numerous to list (e.g., crop management; mapping, surveillance and fire-fighting systems; weapon systems). But under states of uncertainty or where conflict exists, rational models fail, exactly where interdependence theory thrives. Large, coupled physical or information systems can also experience synergism or dysergism from interdependence. Synergistically, the best human teams are not only highly interdependent, but they also exploit interdependence to reduce uncertainty, the focus of this work-in-progress and roadmap. We have long argued that interdependence is fundamental to human autonomy in teams. But for A-HMTs, no mathematics exists to build from rational theory or social science for their design nor safe or effective operation, a severe weakness. Compared to the rational and traditional social theory, we hope to advance interdependence theory first by mapping similarities between quantum theory and our prior findings; e.g., to maintain interdependence, we previously established that boundaries reduce dysergic effects to allow teams to function (akin to blocking interference to prevent quantum decoherence). Second, we extend our prior findings with case studies to predict with interdependence theory that as uncertainty increases in non-factorable situations for humans, the duality in two-sided beliefs serves debaters who explore alternatives with tradeoffs in the search for the best path going forward. Third, applied to autonomous teams, we conclude that a machine in an A-HMT must be able to express itself to its human teammates in causal language however imperfectly.

scholarly journals Understanding preservation and identification biases of ancient adhesives through experimentation

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul R. B. Kozowyk ◽  
Annelou L. van Gijn ◽  
Geeske H. J. Langejans
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
The Past ◽  
Elapsed Time ◽  
Research Bias ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Adhesive Materials ◽  
Different Soils ◽  
Taphonomic Processes

Abstract Adhesive production is one of the earliest forms of transformative technology, predating ceramics and metallurgy by over 150,000 years. The study of the adhesives used by Neandertals and early modern humans currently plays a significant role in debates about human technological and cognitive evolution. Depending on the type of adhesive used, different production sequences were required. These can vary in complexity and would have needed different knowledge, expertise, and resources to manufacture. However, our knowledge of this important technological development is severely hampered by poorly understood taphonomic processes, which affects the preservation and identification of adhesive materials and leads to a research bias. Here we present the results from a 3-year field preservation experiment. Flint flakes hafted and non-hafted with replica adhesives were left to weather naturally on and below the surface at two locations with different soils and climatic conditions. Differential preservation was recorded on a variety of natural adhesives by digitally measuring the surface area of each residue before and after the elapsed time. Residues were further assessed and photographed using metallographic optical microscopy. Results show that certain adhesives preserve to a significantly higher degree than others, while some materials may be more easily overlooked or visually misdiagnosed. We must therefore be aware of both taphonomic and identification biases when discussing ancient adhesive technology. This research provides a first look that will help us understand the disparities between which adhesives were used in the past and what we find in the archaeological record today.

scholarly journals A Decade with VAMDC: Results and Ambitions

Atoms ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Damien Albert ◽  
Bobby K. Antony ◽  
Yaye Awa Ba ◽  
Yuri L. Babikov ◽  
Philippe Bollard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Data Management ◽  
International Cooperation ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Heterogeneous Data ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Data Centre ◽  
The Past ◽  
User Communities

This paper presents an overview of the current status of the Virtual Atomic and Molecular Data Centre (VAMDC) e-infrastructure, including the current status of the VAMDC-connected (or to be connected) databases, updates on the latest technological development within the infrastructure and a presentation of some application tools that make use of the VAMDC e-infrastructure. We analyse the past 10 years of VAMDC development and operation, and assess their impact both on the field of atomic and molecular (A&M) physics itself and on heterogeneous data management in international cooperation. The highly sophisticated VAMDC infrastructure and the related databases developed over this long term make them a perfect resource of sustainable data for future applications in many fields of research. However, we also discuss the current limitations that prevent VAMDC from becoming the main publishing platform and the main source of A&M data for user communities, and present possible solutions under investigation by the consortium. Several user application examples are presented, illustrating the benefits of VAMDC in current research applications, which often need the A&M data from more than one database. Finally, we present our vision for the future of VAMDC.

ON SOME RECENT CYBER THREATS

2012 ◽  
Vol 165 (3) ◽  
pp. 102-107
Author(s):  
Adam MUSIOŁ ◽  
Sabina MUSIOŁ
Keyword(s):  
Technological Development ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Cyber Threats ◽  
The Past ◽  
Cyber Threat

The growing popularity of computers can result in a number of new problems that were unknown in the past. Recently, apart from military, religious and political threats, one can also distinguish a cyber threat. This term denotes all the hazards resulting from technological development, especially the Internet. This type of threat emerged at the end of last century and it is becoming more and more serious.

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