Boxing Day

Tsunami ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 189-202
Author(s):  
James Goff ◽  
Walter Dudley
Keyword(s):  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Warning System ◽  
Tsunami Warning ◽  
Tsunami Warning System ◽  
Tsunami Waves ◽  
Major Earthquake ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Indian Ocean ◽  
The Pacific Ocean

It had been well over 100 years since a major tsunami had struck the Indian Ocean, an event lost from living memory. The world’s only tsunami warning system operated exclusively in the Pacific Ocean, leaving the Indian Ocean neglected. On the day after Christmas 2004, a major earthquake struck off the coast of Indonesia, creating a tsunami that would ultimately leave more than 230,000 dead. The tsunami waves would spread across the Indian Ocean, causing massive death and destruction in Thailand, India, Sri Lanka, the Maldives, and even along the east coast of Africa. This chapter presents survivor stories to add a unique perspective to this devastating event. The Indian Ocean now has a tsunami warning system, but it is being seriously neglected. What that portends no one yet knows.

Review of Tsunami early warning system and coastal resilience with a focus on Indian Ocean

2022 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Indrajit Pal ◽  
Subhajit Ghosh ◽  
Itesh Dash ◽  
Anirban Mukhopadhyay
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Early Warning ◽  
Warning System ◽  
Tsunami Warning ◽  
Indian Ocean Region ◽  
Tsunami Warning System ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Ocean Region ◽  
Coastal Resilience ◽  
The Indian Ocean

Purpose This paper aims to provide a general overview of the international Tsunami warning system mandated by the United Nations, particularly on cataloging past studies and a strategic focus in the Indian Ocean, particularly on the Bay of Bengal region. Design/methodology/approach Present research assimilates the secondary non-classified data on the Tsunami warning system installed in the Indian Ocean. Qualitative review and exploratory research methodology have been followed to provide a holistic profile of the Tsunami rarly warning system (TEWS) and its role in coastal resilience. Findings The study finds the need for strategic focus to expand and interlink regional early warning cooperation mechanisms and partnerships to enhance capacities through cooperation and international assistance and mobilize resources necessary to maintain the TEWS in the Indian Ocean region. The enhanced capacity of the TEWS certainly improves the resilience of Indian Ocean coastal communities and infrastructures. Originality/value The study is original research and useful for policy planning and regional cooperation on data interlinkages for effective TEWS in the Indian Ocean region.

Verification of Disaster Management Information on the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami Using Virtual Tsunami Warning System

2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 212-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomoyuki Takahashi ◽  
◽  
Tomohiro Konuma ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Disaster Management ◽  
Warning System ◽  
Tsunami Warning ◽  
Indian Ocean Tsunami ◽  
Management Information ◽  
Tsunami Warning System ◽  
2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami ◽  
The Indian Ocean ◽  
2004 Tsunami

There is still no tsunami warning systemprotecting the shores of the Indian Ocean, but imagine that a tsunami warning system had been in operation at the time of the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami. What disaster management information would have been issued for this tsunami ? This paper first proposes four tsunamimodels based on the earthquake information issued by different institutions. Next, setting these tsunami models as the initial condition, tsunami simulations are conducted to find the height of the tsunami striking the coastline around the Indian Ocean. As a result, it is indicated that because the tsunami model immediately after occurrence of the 2004 Sumatra Earthquake and the Indian Ocean tsunami calculated from this model are underestimated, appropriate tsunami warnings would most probably not have been issued before the 2004 tsunami struck land.

scholarly journals Research Gap Analysis of Remote Sensing Application in Fisheries: Prospects for Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 1013
Author(s):  
Kuo-Wei Yen ◽  
Chia-Hsiang Chen
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Atlantic Ocean ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
The North ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
The Indian Ocean ◽  
The Pacific Ocean ◽  
Research Hotspots

Remote sensing (RS) technology, which can facilitate the sustainable management and development of fisheries, is easily accessible and exhibits high performance. It only requires the collection of sufficient information, establishment of databases and input of human and capital resources for analysis. However, many countries are unable to effectively ensure the sustainable development of marine fisheries due to technological limitations. The main challenge is the gap in the conditions for sustainable development between developed and developing countries. Therefore, this study applied the Web of Science database and geographic information systems to analyze the gaps in fisheries science in various countries over the past 10 years. Most studies have been conducted in the offshore marine areas of the northeastern United States of America. In addition, all research hotspots were located in the Northern Hemisphere, indicating a lack of relevant studies from the Southern Hemisphere. This study also found that research hotspots of satellite RS applications in fisheries were mainly conducted in (1) the northeastern sea area in the United States, (2) the high seas area of the North Atlantic Ocean, (3) the surrounding sea areas of France, Spain and Portugal, (4) the surrounding areas of the Indian Ocean and (5) the East China Sea, Yellow Sea and Bohai Bay sea areas to the north of Taiwan. A comparison of publications examining the three major oceans indicated that the Atlantic Ocean was the most extensively studied in terms of RS applications in fisheries, followed by the Indian Ocean, while the Pacific Ocean was less studied than the aforementioned two regions. In addition, all research hotspots were located in the Northern Hemisphere, indicating a lack of relevant studies from the Southern Hemisphere. The Atlantic Ocean and the Indian Ocean have been the subjects of many local in-depth studies; in the Pacific Ocean, the coastal areas have been abundantly investigated, while offshore local areas have only been sporadically addressed. Collaboration and partnership constitute an efficient approach for transferring skills and technology across countries. For the achievement of the sustainable development goals (SDGs) by 2030, research networks can be expanded to mitigate the research gaps and improve the sustainability of marine fisheries resources.

scholarly journals Applicability of the Decision Matrix of North Eastern Atlantic, Mediterranean and connected seas Tsunami Warning System to the Italian tsunamis

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 843-857 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Tinti ◽  
L. Graziani ◽  
B. Brizuela ◽  
A. Maramai ◽  
S. Gallazzi
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Warning System ◽  
Tsunami Warning ◽  
The Other ◽  
Tsunami Source ◽  
Indian Ocean Tsunami ◽  
Decision Matrix ◽  
Tsunami Warning System ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
The Mediterranean

Abstract. After the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami catastrophe, UNESCO through the IOC (Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission) sponsored the establishment of Intergovernmental Coordination Groups (ICG) with the aim to devise and implement Tsunami Warning Systems (TWSs) in all the oceans exposed to tsunamis, in addition to the one already in operation in the Pacific (PTWS). In this context, since 2005, efforts have begun for the establishment of TWSs in the Indian Ocean (IOTWS), in the Caribbean area (CARIBE EWS) and in the North Eastern Atlantic, the Mediterranean and Connected Seas (NEAMTWS). In this paper, we focus on a specific tool that was first introduced in the PTWS routine operations, i.e., the Decision Matrix (DM). This is an easy-to-use table establishing a link between the main parameters of an earthquake and the possible ensuing tsunami in order to make quick decision on the type of alert bulletins that a Tsunami Warning Center launches to its recipients. In the process of implementation of a regional TWS for the NEAM area, two distinct DMs were recently proposed by the ICG/NEAMTWS, one for the Atlantic and the other for the entire Mediterranean area. This work applies the Mediterranean NEAMTWS DM to the earthquakes recorded in Italy and compares the action predicted by the DM vs. the action that should be appropriate in view of the observed tsunami characteristics with the aim to establish how good the performance of the Italian TWS will be when it uses the DM for future events. To this purpose, we make use of the parametric catalogue of the Italian earthquakes (CPTI04) compiled in 2004 and the most recent compilation of the Italian tsunami, based on the Italian Tsunami Catalogue of 2004 and the subsequent revisions. In order to better compare the TWS actions, we have identified four different kinds of action coding them from 0 to 3 according to the tsunami severity and have further considered three different distance ranges where these actions apply, that is local, regional and basin-wide, that refer to the distance of the message recipients from the tsunami source. The result of our analysis is that the actions prescribed by the DM are adequate only in 45%–55% of the cases, overestimations are about 37% and underestimations are the rest. As a whole, the predictive ability of the DM is not satisfactory, which implies that recipients have the difficult task in managing bulletins carrying a great deal of uncertainty and on the other hand also suggests that strategies to improve the DM or to go beyond the DM need to be found.

scholarly journals The 22 December 2018 Mount Anak Krakatau Volcanogenic Tsunami on Sunda Strait Coasts, Indonesia: tsunami and damage characteristics

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Mumtaz Luthfi ◽  
Anawat Suppasri ◽  
Louise K. Comfort ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Warning System ◽  
Tsunami Warning ◽  
Indian Ocean Tsunami ◽  
Western Coast ◽  
Tsunami Warning System ◽  
Drag Forces ◽  
Impact Forces ◽  
Volcanic Processes ◽  
Different Characteristics

Abstract. On 22 December 2018, a tsunami was generated from the Mount Anak Krakatau area that was caused by volcanic flank failures. The tsunami had severe impacts on the western coast of Banten and the southern coasts of Lampung in Indonesia. A series of surveys to measure the impacts of the tsunami was started three days after the tsunami and lasted ten days. Immediate investigations allowed the collection of relatively authentic images of the tsunami impacts before the clearing process started. This article investigates the impacts of the 2018 Sunda Strait tsunami on the affected areas and presents an analysis of the impacts of pure hydrodynamic tsunami forces on buildings. Impacts of the tsunami were expected to exhibit different characteristics than those found following the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami in Aceh. Data was collected from 117 flow depths along the Banten and Lampung coasts. Furthermore, 98 buildings or houses were assessed for damage. Results of this study revealed that the flow depths were higher in Banten than in Lampung. Directions of the tsunami arrays created by the complex bathymetry around the strait caused these differences. Tsunami-induced damage to buildings was mostly the result of impact forces and drag forces. Damping forces could not be associated with the damages. The tsunami warning system in Indonesia should be extended to anticipate non-seismic tsunamis, such as landslides and volcanic processes driven by tsunamis. Lack of a tsunami warning during the first few minutes after the generation of the first wave led to a significant number of human casualties at both of the affected areas.

scholarly journals The 22 December 2018 Mount Anak Krakatau volcanogenic tsunami on Sunda Strait coasts, Indonesia: tsunami and damage characteristics

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 549-565 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Mumtaz Luthfi ◽  
Anawat Suppasri ◽  
Louise K. Comfort ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Warning System ◽  
Tsunami Warning ◽  
Indian Ocean Tsunami ◽  
Western Coast ◽  
Tsunami Warning System ◽  
Drag Forces ◽  
Impact Forces ◽  
Volcanic Processes ◽  
Different Characteristics

Abstract. On 22 December 2018, a tsunami was generated from the Mount Anak Krakatau area that was caused by volcanic flank failures. The tsunami had severe impacts on the western coast of Banten and the southern coasts of Lampung in Indonesia. A series of surveys to measure the impacts of the tsunami was started 3 d after the tsunami and lasted for 10 d. Immediate investigations allowed the collection of relatively authentic images of the tsunami impacts before the clearing process started. This article investigates the impacts of the 2018 Sunda Strait tsunami on the affected areas and presents an analysis of the impacts of pure hydrodynamic tsunami forces on buildings. Impacts of the tsunami were expected to exhibit different characteristics than those found following the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami in Aceh. Data were collected from 117 flow depths along the Banten and Lampung coasts. Furthermore, 98 buildings or houses were assessed for damage. Results of this study revealed that the flow depths were higher in Banten than in Lampung. Directions of the tsunami arrays created by the complex bathymetry around the strait caused these differences. Tsunami-induced damage to buildings was mostly the result of impact forces and drag forces. Damping forces could not be associated with the damage. The tsunami warning system in Indonesia should be extended to anticipate non-seismic tsunamis, such as landslides and volcanic processes driven by tsunamis. The lack of a tsunami warning during the first few minutes after the generation of the first wave led to a significant number of human casualties in both of the affected areas.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document