Psychiatric disorders

2019 ◽  
pp. 153-176
Author(s):  
Risto Näätänen ◽  
Teija Kujala ◽  
Gregory Light
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Illness ◽  
Psychometric Validation ◽  
Repeated Measure ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Brain Functioning ◽  
Psychiatric Illnesses ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
New Treatments ◽  
Neural Dysfunction

Psychiatric illnesses including schizophrenia, major depressive disorder (MDD), bipolar disorder (BD), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), panic disorder, and alcohol use disorders are common and leading causes of global disability. Conventionally, diagnosis and treatment of these disorders has relied solely on clinicical observation of symptoms and inference of underlying neural dysfunction. Recently, however, technological advances have allowed for direct measurement of brain functioning in these disorders, and there has been increased interest in the exploration of sensory processing deficits involved. In this context, MMN is regarded as a ‘breakthrough biomarker’ for advancing the understanding and treatment of psychiatric illness. As MMN is among the most widely studied translational biomarkers and has already undergone extensive psychometric validation (e.g. reliability, suitability for use as a repeated measure, sensitivity to pharmacologica and non-pharmacological interventions), it is widely used for development of new treatments for brain disorders.

scholarly journals Cognitive ability and risk of post-traumatic stress disorder after military deployment: an observational cohort study

BJPsych Open ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
pp. 274-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lars R. Nissen ◽  
Karen-Inge Karstoft ◽  
Mia S. Vedtofte ◽  
Anni B.S. Nielsen ◽  
Merete Osler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Ability ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Traumatic Stress ◽  
Educational Level ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Repeated Measure ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Post Traumatic

BackgroundStudies of the association between pre-deployment cognitive ability and post-deployment post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have shown mixed results.AimsTo study the inflence of pre-deployment cognitive ability on PTSD symptoms 6–8 months post-deployment in a large population while controlling for pre-deployment education and deployment-related variables.MethodStudy linking prospective pre-deployment conscription board data with post-deployment self-reported data in 9695 Danish Army personnel deployed to different war zones in 1997–2013. The association between pre-deployment cognitive ability and post-deployment PTSD was investigated using repeated-measure logistic regression models. Two models with cognitive ability score as the main exposure variable were created (model 1 and model 2). Model 1 was only adjusted for pre-deployment variables, while model 2 was adjusted for both pre-deployment and deployment-related variables.ResultsWhen including only variables recorded pre-deployment (cognitive ability score and educational level) and gender (model 1), all variables predicted post-deployment PTSD. When deployment-related variables were added (model 2), this was no longer the case for cognitive ability score. However, when educational level was removed from the model adjusted for deployment-related variables, the association between cognitive ability and post-deployment PTSD became significant.ConclusionsPre-deployment lower cognitive ability did not predict post-deployment PTSD independently of educational level after adjustment for deployment-related variables.

scholarly journals An Investigation of Dopamine’s Role in Six Psychiatric Illnesses

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alyssa Wang
Keyword(s):  
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Traumatic Stress ◽  
Attention Deficit Disorder ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Firing Time ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Psychiatric Illnesses ◽  
Motivated Behavior ◽  
Post Traumatic

This paper aims to investigate the neurotransmitter dopamine’s role in six prevalent psychiatric disorders: attention-deficit disorder, autism spectrum disorder, bipolar disorder, major depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, and schizophrenia. Although dopamine’s contribution to schizophrenia is the most understood, dopamine’s role in other disorders is also an increasing area of research. Dopamine affects reward-motivated behavior, motor control, cognition, and possesses many other sub-functions as well. Dysfunction in dopamine firing rate, firing time, tonic and phasic levels, and receptor and transporter density can lead to numerous diseases and symptoms. Having a better understanding of how dopamine affects these illnesses specifically can lead to the development of more effective treatment and medication. Thus, the analysis of the studies and proposals for how dopamine is involved in various mental disorders are discussed in this review. 

PTSD and War

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary H. Wynn ◽  
David M. Benedek ◽  
Joshua C. Morganstein ◽  
Robert J. Ursano
Keyword(s):  
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Traumatic Stress ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Modern Medicine ◽  
Psychological Effects ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
History Of ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
Modern Era

War and its psychological effects have always been a part of the human experience. The inextricable link between war and what we now term post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been evident across time, from early literature and accounts of war through the early stages of modern medicine. This chapter walks the reader through a brief history of PTSD as it existed prior to the creation of the diagnosis in 1980, followed by a discussion of the modern era of psychiatry and PTSD. The chapter concludes with a discussion about the future of war, given coming technological advances and the potential impacts of these changes on PTSD.

scholarly journals Psychometric validation of the revised child injury scale (Cries-13) in Greek population

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
P Kallianezos ◽  
M Bakola ◽  
K S Kitsou ◽  
C Petropoulos ◽  
X Sinopidis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Mild Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Traumatic Stress ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Psychometric Validation ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Post Traumatic

Abstract Background Children and adolescents have an increased risk of post-traumatic stress following exposure to traumatic events. Thus, timely, valid and reliable assessment of the symptoms of the disorder is crucial. The purpose of the study was the psychometric validation of The Child Revised Impact of Events Scale (CRIES 13), following the preceding linguistic validation. Further goal was to evaluate post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in children 6 to 14 years of age with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). Methods The questionnaire was consecutively administered to 175 parents coming to the Emergency Department of the Pediatric Hospital of Patras, after mTBI of their children. They were asked to respond one week and one month after the accident to assess PTSD of their children. For psychometric validation, exploratory (EFA) and confirmatory (CFA) factor analysis was performed. The questionnaire consists of 13 items rated on a non-linear scale ranging from 0 to 65, and higher scores indicate more PTSD symptoms with a threshold of 30. Results The Psychometric validation showed very good reliability (= 0.79) and EFA confirmed the factor structure of the original tool. In addition, CFA showed satisfactory fit for the three-factor model. Parents estimated post-traumatic stress one week after injury in 19% of the children. Statistically significant difference was observed only in monthly income, with parents of low income reporting higher levels of stress in their children (p = 0.046). Conclusions A reliable and valid questionnaire is now available in Greek for assessing the risk of PTSD in children. In one of five children presented in our hospital we observed a higher risk of developing post-traumatic stress one week after mild traumatic brain injury. Key messages There is reliable and valid questionnaire in Greek for assessing the risk of post-traumatic stress disorder in children.

scholarly journals Revealing Unknown Benefits of Existing Medications to Aid the Discovery of New Treatments for Post‐Traumatic Stress Disorder

2021 ◽  
pp. n/a-n/a
Author(s):  
David M. Kern ◽  
Rachel E. Teneralli ◽  
Christopher M. Flores ◽  
Gayle M. Wittenberg ◽  
James P. Gilbert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Traumatic Stress ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
New Treatments

ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF NEUROFEEDBACK IN AMELIORATING CHRONIC POST-RAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-188
Author(s):  
Rafał Morga ◽  
Dariusz Adamek ◽  
Weronika MacQueen ◽  
Bruce Duncan MacQueen ◽  
Jolanta Góral-Półrola ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Blurred Vision ◽  
Brain Functioning ◽  
Eeg Spectra ◽  
Objective Monitoring ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
Sphenoid Wing Meningioma

The aim of our research was to evaluate the effectiveness of neurofeedback in reducing the symptoms of chronic Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in a patient who had developed the syndrome following a recurrence of sphenoid wing meningioma (SOM). EEG spectra and event-related potentials (ERPs) were used to construct an individual neurofeedback protocol and to provide objective monitoring of treatment efficacy. The patient, a 34-year-old female, was diagnosed with a sphenoid wing meningioma (SOM), which had been successfully operated. Three years later, however, the SOM had overgrown at the optic foramen and extended into the optic canal, and the patient had developed blurred vision. She was repeatedly operated, and recovered well. However, due to the recurrence she developed flashbacks, anxiety and sleep difficulties, such that she was unable to continue working in her profession. The symptoms had been occurring for 4 months. ERPs in a cued NOGO task, along with EEG spectra in the resting state and during task performance were used to assess brain functioning, providing the basis for a neurofeedback protocol. Twenty sessions of individually tailored neurofeedback were performed. The patient experienced a reduction of symptoms, accompanied by normalization of ERPs parameters. The results obtained in this case point to the possible benefits of individually tailored neurofeedback protocols in the treatment of PTSD.

Investigational Agents in the Treatment of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Kelmendi ◽  
Thomas G. Adams ◽  
Chadi Abdallah ◽  
Irina Esterlis ◽  
Ilan Harpaz-Rotem ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Traumatic Stress ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Sufficient Data ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Voltage Gated ◽  
Voltage Gated Calcium Channels ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
Investigational Agents ◽  
New Treatments

This chapter highlights the breadth of the range and shallowness of the depth with which novel therapeutics for PTSD have been evaluated. None of the new treatments reviewed in this chapter have sufficient data supporting their efficacy to be strongly recommended for the treatment of PTSD. Nonetheless, the interventional approaches reviewed here are guided by our current understanding of the neurobiology of stress in animals and PTSD in humans. The range of therapeutic targets considered in this chapter reflects our growing appreciation of the complex neurobiology of PTSD. Thus, it should not be surprising that drugs targeting glutamatergic, GABAergic, opiates, glucocorticoids, cannabinoids, and voltage-gated calcium channels are in various stages of evaluation.

Repeated Programmed Hospitalizations (RPH) in the Care of French Military Suffering for War Post-traumatic Psychiatric Disorders: Interests and Limitations

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (S1) ◽  
pp. S727-S727
Author(s):  
G. Thomas ◽  
E. Le Pape ◽  
E. Py-Leroy ◽  
E. Mele ◽  
G. Tourinel
Keyword(s):  
Group Dynamics ◽  
Integrative Model ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Psychiatric Illnesses ◽  
French Military ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
Administrative Procedures ◽  
Competing Interest

IntroductionThe long-term management of psychiatric wounded patients with prolonged disorders requires a rethinking of our practice of care.ObjectivesThe aim is to propose an integrative model of all valid therapies in the post-traumatic-stress disorder while taking care of comorbidities and ensuring patient support in the different administrative procedures that permit reconstruction. Repeated short-term hospitalizations can meet this objective by mobilizing resources, creating group dynamics, restoring a space of safety, allowing a rupture with the environment, preventing recurrence of crises, and by encouraging the histicization of trauma by the temporal sequences of intra/extra-hospitalisation repetition.MethodWe propose, by means of a review of the literature, to discuss on a psychopathological level the interest and limits of this mode of care.ResultsThis work reveals the specific therapeutic effects of repeated programmed hospitalizations, which constitute a new modality of institutional psychotherapy.ConclusionRethinking the place of hospitalisation in the management of psychiatric illnesses can be useful to all psychiatrists who follow patients with chronic and co-morbid disease.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

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