Exceptions

2020 ◽  
pp. 150-178
Author(s):  
Iain Scobbie
Keyword(s):  
Legal Theory ◽  
Use Of Force ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Legal Reasoning ◽  
First World War ◽  
Collective Security ◽  
World War ◽  
The First World War ◽  
First World ◽  
Self Defence

This chapter initially examines philosophical approaches to the international use of force in an historical context before examining the development of the doctrine of collective security as the unifying value of international relations at the end of the First World War and subsequently. States’ right of self-defence is seen as an exception to this doctrine. Drawing on analytical legal theory and theories of legal reasoning, it explores the nature of an exception to a rule. This classification can be difficult to identify as legal propositions can compete rather than exist in a hierarchical rule-exception relationship. The parameters of self-defence as an exception to the doctrine of collective security and the prohibition on the use of force is explored in this light, casting doubt on the validity of contemporary attempts to expand self-defence to justify extra-territorial attacks on non-state actors within states deemed unwilling or unable to curb their hostile activity.

Arab uprising

Maska ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (200) ◽  
pp. 146-155
Author(s):  
Miha Turk
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
General Public ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
First World War ◽  
Recent History ◽  
World War ◽  
The West ◽  
The First World War ◽  
The Great War ◽  
First World

With an influx of refugees from the Middle East and Syria in particular it is important to understand their recent history so as to familiarize our audience with historical context that helped shape the contemporary conflict. The article is composed of an accessible and non-formalized narrative of the so called ‘Arab revolt’ where Arab rebels sided with the Entente forces in a bid to gain independence from the Ottomans on the side of the Central powers. Their bid was ultimately betrayed as the war ended with colonization from the their former allies - the French and the British. This betrayal is still very much alive and fueling the modern conflict and general distrust of the West. The Great War fundamentally changed the Middle East much more than the second war though its effect and aftermath are for the greater part unfamiliar to the general public. The article aims at adding the ‘Middle East’ piece to the general imaginarium pertaining the First World War.

“The Methods of Barbarism” and the “Rights of Small Nations”: War Propaganda and British Pluralism

1998 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
John S. Ellis
Keyword(s):  
Use Of Force ◽  
First World War ◽  
Anglo Saxon ◽  
World War ◽  
Boer War ◽  
Historical Progress ◽  
The First World War ◽  
War Propaganda ◽  
Liberal Vision ◽  
First World

The “methods of barbarism” and the “rights of small nations” are perhaps the most recognizable of British slogans arising out of the wars of the early twentieth century. They are instantly associated with the Boer War and the First World War respectively, but seldom are they associated with each other. However, the Pro-Boer rhetoric of “the methods of barbarism” and the First World War propaganda of “the rights of small nations” are intimately linked through their roots in the pluralist Liberal vision of Britishness.These slogans and the propaganda campaigns that they epitomized must be understood within the context of a multicultural Britain and opposing notions of British national identity. Defining “barbarism” as the oppression of small nations through the brutal use of force, the Pro-Boers associated the term with the Anglocentric vision of the British nation reflected in the “New Imperialism” of the Conservatives. Through their belief in Anglo-Saxon racial superiority, the Conservative imperialists maintained that small nations like those of the Irish, the Welsh, and the Boers would either be assimilated or swept aside by the historical progress of an expanding Anglo-Saxon nation state. In contrast to this notion of Conservative “barbarism,” the Pro-Boer Liberals drew on the Gladstonian heritage of their party in defining the United Kingdom as a multinational state at the center of a multinational empire. They eschewed the use of force in the maintenance of empire and argued that the bonds of imperialism must be based upon mutual goodwill, voluntarism, and the recognition of the principle of nationality.When the First World War broke out in 1914, propagandists drew upon these contrasting constructions of Liberal cultural pluralism and Conservative cultural uniformity. In terms similar to those employed by the Pro-Boers, British propagandists depicted the First World War as a struggle against German “barbarism” and as a fight to vindicate the “rights of small nations.” Solidly based upon the Liberal construction of the multicultural and multinational nature of Britishness, Britain's role as the champion of the principle of nationality was proclaimed with an eye not only to the international context of Europe but to the domestic context of the British state and empire as well.

scholarly journals Memory comes from the forgotten: analyzing photographic albums created by Canadian military personnel from the first World War

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivia Jenkins
Keyword(s):  
Collective Memory ◽  
Military Personnel ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
First World War ◽  
World War ◽  
The First World War ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Canadian Military ◽  
Deep Exploration ◽  
First World

This thesis evaluates four photographic albums created by Canadian military personnel who served in the First World War from 1914-1918, housed at the Canadian War Museum in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. The albums depict the personnel’s time spent in overseas service during the First World War and reflect their personal representations of the conflict. The evaluation of these photographic albums supports the argument that stronger historical context, and in turn a stronger collective memory of the event, can be developed by deep exploration of how active Canadian military personnel of the war chose to remember the event through the subject matter depicted within their albums.

scholarly journals Memory comes from the forgotten: analyzing photographic albums created by Canadian military personnel from the first World War

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivia Jenkins
Keyword(s):  
Collective Memory ◽  
Military Personnel ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
First World War ◽  
World War ◽  
The First World War ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Canadian Military ◽  
Deep Exploration ◽  
First World

This thesis evaluates four photographic albums created by Canadian military personnel who served in the First World War from 1914-1918, housed at the Canadian War Museum in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. The albums depict the personnel’s time spent in overseas service during the First World War and reflect their personal representations of the conflict. The evaluation of these photographic albums supports the argument that stronger historical context, and in turn a stronger collective memory of the event, can be developed by deep exploration of how active Canadian military personnel of the war chose to remember the event through the subject matter depicted within their albums.

Historical and Global Perspectives

2020 ◽  
pp. 24-49
Author(s):  
Stefan Manz ◽  
Panikos Panayi
Keyword(s):  
British Empire ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
First World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Global Perspectives ◽  
The First World War ◽  
The Usa ◽  
History Of ◽  
Post War ◽  
First World

This chapter places the incarceration of Germans in the British Empire during the First World War into global and historical context. It looks back to the birth of the practice of internment in imperial wars involving Britain, the USA, and Germany in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. It traces the path to the use of British incarceration during the First World War and demonstrates how this conflict acted as a key turning point in the history of civilian confinement, making it normal wartime practice. Civilian incarceration continued in the post-war period, especially in the fall-out from the Second World War and the collapsing colonial empires, while by the twenty-first century camps have become a weapon against refugees. The chapter demonstrates how the British Empire globalized and normalized civilian incarceration during the Great War and therefore argues that it played a key role in the normalization of this process.

scholarly journals Records and Transformations of Memories in the Cultural Landscape of Idomeni (Kilkis, Northern Greece)

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 563-585
Author(s):  
Stamatis Chatzitoulousis ◽  
Vlasis Vlasidis ◽  
Apostolos Sarris ◽  
Kalliopi Efkleidou ◽  
Eleni Kotjabopoulou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Information Systems ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
First World War ◽  
Geographical Information ◽  
Neolithic Period ◽  
World War ◽  
Northern Greece ◽  
The Past ◽  
The First World War ◽  
First World

AbstractFollowing recent excavations and geophysical prospection at Idomeni in the Kilkis prefecture of Northern Greece, this paper attempts to reconstruct through digital means, the tangible and intangible vestiges of historical episodes that come together to form multiple narratives of a diachronically terra incognita site, gradually unlocking its hidden secrets. The digital documentation and processing, with the use of Geographical Information Systems (GIS), of the spatial remains associated with historical episodes demonstrate the ways in which space at Idomeni was used within a multifaceted, diachronic framework. It is a place that is constantly being transformed over the past 7000 years from a seemingly “peaceful” agricultural community during the Neolithic period to a burial ground for a still invisible Middle Byzantine settlement, and finally, as a place of violence having been one of the battlefields of the First World War. The story of Idomeni has only recently been concluded as the theatre of a dramatic influx of modern refugees. Thus, the “multilayered” identity of a mnemonic place with various representations of the past unfolds: on one hand the distant eras, such as the still unknown Neolithic and Middle Byzantine period, and on the other, the relatively recent “traumatic” (war-related) past. Within the specific historical context of the First World War, this paper discusses the management of memories of locals and non-locals, e.g. the disappearance of entire settlements, or the emergence of new toponyms related to the protagonists and their actions during the war in the area of Idomeni remaining in the memory of locals today.

scholarly journals “Absolutely Palpable Utopias”: The Expressionist Ideas Behind Bruno Taut’s GEHAG Housing Estates

1969 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shannon Pruden
Keyword(s):  
Historical Context ◽  
First World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Residential Housing ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Housing Estates ◽  
First World

The buildings Taut designed in the late 1920s bear few visible similarities to the expressionistic building and city plans he sketched during and immediately following the First World War. As such, Taut’s works are often separated into distinct stylistic periods. This categorization cloaks Taut’s continued commitment to socialist utopian ideals. This paper treats Taut’s expressionist period as a self-conscious attempt to clarify his architectural and socialist convictions. By situating Taut’s successive architectural phases in historical context, this paper will show how the ideas Taut explored during his expressionist phase continued to influence the design of the residential housing complexes he built with GEHAG in the late 1920s by analyzing his Britz Horseshoe Estate.

The Manifesto of the Sixteen: Kropotkin’s rejection of anti-war anarchism and his critique of the politics of peace

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Ryley
Keyword(s):  
First World War ◽  
War And Peace ◽  
World War ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Nineteenth And Twentieth Centuries ◽  
The Right ◽  
First World ◽  
Self Defence ◽  
Peter Kropotkin

Most attention has been paid to anarchist opposition to the First World War. There were, however, anarchists who supported the Entente powers, wished to see Germany defeated, and opposed the anti-war movement. Peter Kropotkin and his French supporters were the most prominent of these. This chapter examines Kropotkin's challenge to the radical orthodoxies of his day and places it in the context of the development of thinking about war and peace in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. It engages with the debate between him and his most prominent antagonist, Errico Malatesta, and suggests that Kropotkin's arguments, mainly based on the right to self-defence, his rejection of non-intervention, and his opposition to moral equivalence, were coherent and persuasive then and are still relevant for thinking about war and peace today.

scholarly journals Development of Romanian literary creation in Vojvodina after the First World War

Kultura ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 188-204
Author(s):  
Virđinija Popović ◽  
Ferenc Nemet ◽  
Marija Nenadić-Žurka
Keyword(s):  
Publishing House ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
First World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Cultural Phenomenon ◽  
Historical Progress ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Writing Culture ◽  
Romanian Literature ◽  
First World

In this paper we will analyse the historical progress of the development of the Romanian intelligentsia in Vojvodina, the establishing of Romanian institutions as a result of intellectual activism, but also the emergence of the first magazines and writers in Vojvodina who contributed to the development of Romanian mentality and culture in this area. In the first part of the paper, we will present the historical context of the appearance of the first publications in Romanian, then the presence of literary works in Romanian magazines, publication of the first books in Romanian and the beginnings of the publishing house Libertatea from Pančevo. The aim of this paper is to show to a wider readership the development of the Romanian writing culture in Vojvodina after the First World War until the last decades of the twentieth century, when the Romanian books can be placed side by side with the books of other minorities in Vojvodina. Romanian literature, although relatively "young", developed rapidly, reaching the level of the literature in the home country in less than a century. Due to its geographical origin and intercultural permeation on the territory of Vojvodina, Romanian literature is unique, interesting and can be explored as a special cultural phenomenon.

Cuore and the cinema: reframing the Risorgimento for the First World War

Modern Italy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 281-294
Author(s):  
Amy Boylan
Keyword(s):  
Historical Context ◽  
First World War ◽  
Film Production ◽  
The Novel ◽  
World War ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Promotional Materials ◽  
Italian Film ◽  
First World ◽  
The Way

During the years leading up to and during the First World War, patriotic films featuring self-sacrificing child protagonists formed an important sub-genre of Italian film production. This article looks at Film Artistica Gloria’s Cuore series (1915–1916), adapted from De Amicis’ novel, with particular attention given to the two war-themed films, Il tamburino sardo (UK: The Sardinian Drummer Boy, 1915) and La piccola vedetta lombarda (The Little Lookout from Lombardy, 1915). An examination of the way in which advertising, reviews, and promotional materials worked to reframe these Risorgimento stories within a new historical context shows how the transmedial relationship between the novel, films and paracinematic texts helped to transform De Amicis’s civically-minded patriotic tales into an endorsement of Italy’s intervention in the First World War.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document