Developing Writing Module “Retisa de Rikayat” South Sumatera

This research and development is motivated by the desire and hope of materializing learning materials that have relevance to the learning and psychological needs of Indonesian Language Education students, especially giving the effect of a writing culture embedded in students. The long-term goal is the formation of independent, creative, and productive student literacy characters in an effort to empower themselves to explore the ability to write literary works, especially folklore. The modules are developed based on the Rowntree development model. The procedure is divided into three main stages, namely needs analysis, developing draft modules, and evaluating expert lecturers. The subjects of this study were students of Indonesian Language Education FKIP, PGRI Palembang University who took the Literature Writing course. To measure the level of validation of the writing module, Retisa de Rikayat in supporting the mastery of the ability to write literary works was evaluated by expert lecturers in the field of Indonesian language. The writing module of Retisa de Rikayat is quite effective as an alternative complementary teaching material for writing literary works, especially learning to write folk tales. This is in accordance with the results of the assessment, this module has an average score of 76.8 from expert lecturers which is in the good category and is arranged according to the analysis of student needs.

Being There

Conrad W. Watson describes fieldwork as ‘a period of particular heightened intensity’ (1999a: 2) in the introduction of Being There (1999b). The authors of this volume were by far not the first, nor the last, anthropologists questioning and critically reflecting on what it is that they are actually doing when being there in their respective fields. For Watson and others (Borneman and Hammoudi 2009; Geertz 2004; Hollan 2008), this was primarily an epistemological question, following ruptures in the discipline’s identity after the Writing Culture Debates of the late 1980s. Forced to rethink their fieldwork practices, anthropologists saw their understandings of theory-building and knowledge production follow suit. However, the complexities and challenges of ethnographic fieldwork also confronted and still confront many anthropologists with intricate questions of inequalities, power structures and violence that not only need to be theorised but also navigated in the everyday practice of fieldwork.

Latin and Classical Chinese Epistolographic Communication in Comparative Perspective

A comparative history of the social and stylistic characteristics of letter-writing in the Western Latin world and in China has yet to be written. Among other difficulties, the historical study of letter-writing in China has only recently attracted scholarly attention, and the social and intellectual contexts of epistolary culture in China and the Latin West were in many respects strikingly different. This chapter compares, in a longue durée perspective, the differing assumptions that conditioned the development of epistolary genres in China and Europe, with a particular focus on the Song period (the period of ars dictaminis in Western letter-writing culture). It concludes by proposing a variety of potential methodological frames that could be fruitful in future comparative research.

Kommentare zu gesellschaftlichen Themen und ihre charakteristischen Züge in ausgewählten polnischen Tageszeitungen

Summary Commonly, press comments lie at the border between media studies and text linguistics. In this contribution, we focus on press comments and their main characteristics by devoting our analysis to press-based social commentaries deriving from Polish daily newspapers. Aiming at highlighting differences that are present in the writing culture of German and Polish philology, we first discuss specificities apparent in the research of both philologies. In the second part of this contribution, we discuss the results of our analyses. We do so by emphasising the structure of the textual whole and – by using numerous examples – pointing out evolving syntactical and lexical characteristics. Over the course of this study, the differences in regional and local press are of particular interest.

“SOGDIANS IN CHINA: A PHENOMENON IN HISTORY AND CULTURE IN MEDIEVAL CHINA”

The basis of the existence of any state, nation, people is language, culture and customs, the expression of which is their own national history, writing, culture. Despite the complex history of the written culture of Sogdian civilization, it played a huge interconnecting and culturally transforming role in the existing communities and made a real significant contribution to the history of international relations of the Sogdian people, which over its long history created its own distinctive writing and its culture. An analysis of the disclosure of writing shows that in the early nomadic states a new cultural and historical foundation began to be created for subsequent development. The problem of the laws of historical development, taking into account local options, cannot be considered fully resolved until the history of the peoples inhabiting ancient Uzbekistan and Central Asia is consecrated. The role played by these peoples in the history of mankind has been enormously noted, so far only in connection with the history of neighboring countries: China in the east, Iran in the south, Byzantium in the west and Turkic kaganate in the north.In the early Middle Ages, micro-oases existed in Central Asia, the inhabitants of which formed distinctive cultures, maintaining close ties with the population of neighboring regions and surrounding nomadic tribes. During this period of its brilliant development, a culture created by the inhabitants of the Zarafshan valley - Sogdians - reached. An integral component of Sogdian culture was the innovation introduced directly or indirectly by Turkic tribes.

THE DOWER CHARTER OF OTTO II AND THEOPHANU, AND THE ROMAN SCRIPTORIUM AT SANTI APOSTOLI

Analyses of writing culture in tenth-century Rome have been impeded by an absence of manuscripts and documents that can be assigned unquestionably to scriptoria in the city. This paper will examine the possibility that one such document has hitherto been hiding in plain sight, as it were: the dower charter given by Emperor Otto II to the Byzantine princess Theophanu on the occasion of their marriage in St Peter's on 14 April 972. Usually considered to be ‘Ottonian’, rather than ‘Italian’ or ‘Roman’, this document nevertheless states explicitly that it was undertaken at the Roman church of Santi Apostoli, and this possibility is assessed in light of what is known about that church, the Via Lata region and their connections to the foremost noble family in the city.

Publication of Koryak folklore texts: causes of orthography variability

This work is motivated by graphic and orthographic difficulties in preparing Koryak texts for publication in the “Monuments of Folklore of the Peoples of Siberia and the Far East.” Koryak language spelling difficulties are analyzed for the first time, particularly non-trivial cases of ambiguous spelling requiring comprehension and codification. For example, the spelling of equivocal vowel sound [ә] proves a problem. The normative spelling not allowing two conso- nants at the beginning of a word is due to the historical reconstruction of the Koryak phonological system. However, the indefinite vowel [ә] sometimes is reduced so as not to be identified by the modern Koryak speakers, with its designation with the letter ы [ә] causing reading mistakes. Also, the spelling of йи [ji] or йы [jә] is complicated, with the choice between these two variants based on morphologic principle and defined by this syllable position in the word: root morpheme, affix or in between two morphemes. The spelling of soft consonant followed by equivocal sound [ә], designated in writing by ы [ә], remains to be identified. This combination provokes orthographic variability observed in th-ɣe publications in Koryak. Variability appears in spellings of word forms with -гыйӈ [-ɣәjŋ], -ӈыйт [-ŋәjt] and in spellings of double consonants between two morphemes. The orthographic variability in Koryak publications is due to the conflict in phonemic and morphologic principles relevant for Koryak spelling. Moreover, given the dominant bilingualism, Koryak writing is strongly influenced by the Russian spelling, making the possibility of developing a national writing culture questionable.

Writing Esther: How do Writing, Power and Gender Intersect in the Megillah and its Literary Afterlife?

There are two instances in the entire Hebrew Bible in which women feature as the to write. “One is Esther (Esther 9:29) and the other is:” כתב subject of the verb Jezebel (1 Kgs 21:8). This paper takes this fact as a starting point from which to illuminate the narrative and thematic junctures of writing, power and gender in Esther and its literary afterlife. It utilizes the hermeneutical framework of feminist literary theory, as well as drawing upon narratology and linguistic theory related to gender and power, and textual theory related to metatextuality and intertextuality, in order to explore the ways in which the narrator, the canonization process and the reception history of the text have functioned to constrain and restrain Esther’s authorial identity and status, and conversely the places and spaces where it has been developed and emphasised. Key areas of exploration include the writing culture of the Late Persian and Early Hellenistic periods, creative rewritings of Esther in the Targums and in Rabbinic Haggadah, and a consideration of the implications of the fact that Esther and Jezebel are the only explicitly identified female writers in the Hebrew Bible (Esther. (9:29, 1 Kings 21:8–9)).