LE NOM COMME SOURCE D’ORDRE ET DE DESORDRE CHEZ L’INDIVIDU EN MILIEU MAXI DU BENIN / NAME AS A SOURCE OF ORDER AND DISORDER OF THE INDIVIDUAL IN MAXI ENVIRONMENT OF BENIN

La question de l’anthroponymie peut être appréhendée comme une préoccupation à caractère multidimensionnelle puisque le nom individuel est un instrument d’identification et d’intégration sociale et culturelle. Malheureusement, on constate de nos jours que les noms de personne chez les Maxi, véritables héritages culturels, porteurs de sens et de signification sont en voie de disparition. D’où cette réflexion ayant pour objectif de contribuer à une analyse du système de dation de nom en milieu maxi du Bénin. De nature qualitative, la production des données s’est basée sur un échantillon de quatre-vingt (80) acteurs sociaux. L’échantillon est identifié à partir des techniques d’échantillonnage par saturation (Deslauriers, 1991) et celle du choix raisonné. Les données ont été collectées à l’aide de deux outils à savoir l’entretien (guide d’entretien et récit de vie) et l’étude documentaire. Les données empiriques dépouillées et traitées ont été analysées suivant l’individualisme méthodologique de Raymond Boudon (1992). Le corpus théorique révèle que le nom peut avoir une influence sur l’individu qui le porte selon qu’il ait une connotation antipathique ou sympathique. The question of anthroponymy can be understood as a multidimensional concern since the individual name is an instrument of social and cultural identification and integration. Unfortunately, we see nowadays that the names of people among the Maxi, true cultural heritages, carriers of meaning and significance are in the process of disappearing. Hence this reflection aimed at contributing to an analysis of the naming system in the maxi environment of Benin. Qualitative in nature, the production of data was based on a sample of eighty (80) social actors. The sample is identified using saturation sampling techniques (Deslauriers, 1991) and reasoned choice. The data was collected using two tools, namely the interview (interview guide and life story) and the documentary study. The empirical data analyzed and processed were analyzed according to the methodological individualism of Raymond Boudon (1992). The theoretical corpus reveals that the name can have an influence on the individual who wears it depending on whether it has an unpleasant or sympathetic connotation. <p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/edu_01/0922/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>

Possibilities of the Economic Institutionalism’ Integration

The article is devoted to the search and substantiation of the answer to the question whether it is possible to combine the original and new institutional economics. For this, first, methodological holism and methodological individualism are compared, which share the aforementioned directions of economic institutionalism. It is concluded that these methodological principles are logically incompatible in their ontological foundations, but they are close in the types of the analyzed processes and phenomena explanations. Secondly, the definitions of the institution are compared, which are usually used in these areas. From their comparison, it is concluded that the understanding of the institution in the new institutional economics is more productive than that followed by the supporters of the original institutional economics. In the final part of the article, it is concluded that the convergence of the two institutionalisms is possible through the deployment of a discussion based on the results of empirical research, which can show the participants the advantages and disadvantages of the scientific methods used. Methodological discussions are considered unproductive.

Multiple Levels of Analysis and Time Scales

Explanations for human behavior often involve factors operating at multiple levels of analysis (from individuals to organizations to nations) and across different time scales (immediate, developmental, and evolutionary). Continuing debates over methodological individualism within the social sciences ignore the growing consensus within philosophy of social science that influences on social life are present across individual and collective units, each with influential histories. Even if models of individual interaction offer useful templates, they do not imply that any social process started anew at any particular point in time or that individuals created social structures without being influenced by prior institutions. Using a comparison of traffic and weather, I find that these difficulties are no worse for social than natural science, once we welcome both simple patterns and complex multilevel processes. In both cases, much progress is made simply through observational generalization and many complaints involve our ability to change the world, not understand it.

A comparative analysis of models of individualism within the Knowledge–Energy–Orientation triad

Subject. The article is devoted to the actualization of individualism as a natural ontology of the modern liberal economy. Objectives. The aim is to explore the possibility of realizing the real potential of the paradigm of individualism, which may have various forms of manifestation, and is positioning itself as a new, qualitatively integral and productive "being". Methods. The methodological perspective and disciplinary matrix of the study are based on the use of creative potential of the dialectic of "essence and phenomenon", as well as possibilities of logical and epistemological analysis of modern functional models of socio-economic development. The study also employs the content analysis of modern domestic and foreign sources. Results. The paper unveils that it is possible to verify the controversial judgment about the obsolescence of the neoliberal paradigm of methodological individualism, where it is necessary to distinguish the dysfunctional monetary-plutocratic form of individualism from the essence of individualism as such, which includes the far from realized creative potential of a possible new "being". An approximate outline of a new qualitative integrity of the individualistic concept is formed, where the spiritual-moral and value-semantic attractor becomes the "center of gravity". Conclusions. At present, individualism, as a natural ontology of modern liberal economy, needs to be significantly updated. The scientific and practical importance of the article’s provisions is an attempt to continue the discussion in the search for the most effective models of socio-economic development, to concretize the phenomenology of methodological individualism as an ontology of modern political economic analysis.

Imperatives of the "Renaissance" of individualism and the formation of its new circuit in the political economy analysis

Subject. The article focuses on the updating of individualism as a natural ontology of modern liberal economy. Objectives. The aim is to explore the possibility of realizing the real potential of the paradigm of individualism, which may have various forms of manifestation, and may position itself as a new, qualitatively holistic and productive "being". Methods. The methodological perspective and the disciplinary matrix of the study are based on the use of creative potential of the dialectics of "essence and phenomenon", as well as the possibilities of logical and epistemological analysis of modern functional models of socio-economic development. I perform a content analysis of modern domestic and foreign sources of data. Results. It is possible to verify the controversial nature of the judgment about the obsolescence of the neoliberal paradigm of methodological individualism, where it is necessary to distinguish between the dysfunctional monetary-plutocratic form of individualism and the essence of individualism as such, which contains unrealized creative potential of a possible new "being". I offer an approximate outline of the new qualitative integrity of the individualistic concept, where the spiritual-moral and value-semantic attractor becomes the "center of gravity". Conclusions. At present, the individualism needs fundamental updating. The scientific and practical significance of the article’s provisions consists in the attempt to continue the discussion within the search for the most effective model of socio-economic development, the formation of a new subject field, and concretization of the phenomenology of methodological individualism as an ontology of modern political economy analysis.

From ‘the people’ to the crowd: The push for independence in Catalonia

This article examines the sociological value of Elias Canetti’s work on crowds and power. It explores crowd action and imagery in the push for Catalan independence through the analysis of materials published on Twitter by Tsunami Democràtic, which emerged to coordinate the response to the sentencing of Catalan political leaders after the unilateral declaration of independence. It then goes on to discuss how a crowd-based approach offers a supplementary perspective to contemporary studies of populism, on the one hand, and to accounts that primarily focus on the role of social media in organizing political protest movements, on the other. An analysis of crowds not only avoids both methodological holism and methodological individualism. It also helps to understand why so many people were mobilized beyond the power of concepts, ideologies and discourse.

How to Make a Class

It was not a cybernetician but a neoliberal economist who provided the first systematic treatise on connectionism or, as it would later be known, the paradigm of artificial neural networks. In his 1952 book The Sensory Order, Friedrich Hayek advanced a connectionist theory of the mind already far more advanced than the theory of symbolic artificial intelligence, whose birth is redundantly celebrated in 1956 with the exalted Dartmouth workshop. In this text Hayek provided a synthesis of Gestalt principles and considerations of artificial neural networks, even speculating about the possibility of a machine fulfilling a similar function of “the nervous system as an instrument of classification,” auguring what we call today a “classifier algorithm.” This article shows how Hayek’s connectionist theory of the mind was used to shore up a specific and ideological view of the market and schematically reconstructs Hayek’s line of argumentation from his economic paradigm backward to his theory of cognition. Eventually, in Hayek’s interpretation, connectionism provides a relativist cognitive paradigm that justifies the “methodological individualism” of neoliberalism.

An impossibility result on methodological individualism

Methodological individualists often claim that any social phenomenon can ultimately be explained in terms of the actions and interactions of individuals. Any Nagelian version of methodological individualism requires that there be bridge laws that translate social statements into individualistic ones. We show that Nagelian individualism can be put to logical scrutiny by making the relevant social and individualistic languages fully explicit and mathematically precise. In particular, we prove that the social statement that a group of (at least two) agents performs a deontically admissible group action cannot be expressed in a well-established deontic logic of agency that models every combination of actions, omissions, abilities, and obligations of finitely many individual agents.

Why women judges really matter: The impact of women judges on property law outcomes in Kenya

In this paper, I discuss the impact that women judges have made in property law outcomes in Kenya. The study shows that women judges were able to influence a feminist jurisprudence in matrimonial property and inheritance disputes peripherally even though they were not sitting in some of those cases – through trainings of other [male] judges and informal interactions with colleagues. I argue that there is need to focus lens on the collaborative and networking programmes of women judges to bring about institutional change as opposed to a focus on individual women judges. The findings suggest that studies that focus on individual [women] judges have far less potential to uncover the impact of collective efforts of women judges. Existing studies are based largely on Anglo-American positivist methodologies that are based on methodological individualism over collectivism. It is no wonder that the collective efforts of women judges under the auspices of the International Women Judges Association has received little to no scholarly attention.