Summary and Conclusion

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirk Ludwig
Keyword(s):  
Collective Action ◽  
Group Action ◽  
Logical Form ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Multiple Agents ◽  
Nation States ◽  
Collective Acceptance ◽  
Big Picture ◽  
Group Agents

This chapter summarizes in broad terms the work of the book, which focuses on how the multiple agents account of collective action can be extended to institutional and mob action. It reviews the problems raised by singular group agents. It reviews the account of logical form developed for grammatically singular group action sentences. It reviews the account of constitutive rules and constitutive agency. It reviews the analysis of status functions, collective acceptance, and conventions. It reviews the account of membership in singular group agents. It reviews the account of proxy agency. It reviews the application to corporations and nation states. It concludes with a big picture view of the territory and brief description of directions for future research.

The Apparent Autonomy of Singular Group Agents

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirk Ludwig
Keyword(s):  
Group Action ◽  
Multiple Agents ◽  
Membership Relation ◽  
Group Agents ◽  
Reductive Account

Chapter 5 shows how to extend the multiple agents account of plural agency to the case of grammatically singular group action sentences in a way that explains some of the features of singular group action sentences that were identified in Chapter 3 as suggesting that a reductive account was implausible. First, it shows how to integrate the time indexed membership relation into the account. Second, it explains how this enables us to understand singular group action sentences in which it appears that such groups do things through changes in their membership in a way that only appeals to the agents who are members of it at any given time. Third, it shows that the fact that it appears that singular group agents could have had different members than they do is just a matter of their being picked out via descriptions which could have had different denotations.

The Distributive/Collective Ambiguity in Singular Group Action Sentences

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirk Ludwig
Keyword(s):  
Collective Action ◽  
Group Action ◽  
Noun Phrase ◽  
Logical Form ◽  
Lexical Ambiguity ◽  
Subject Positions ◽  
Verb Phrase ◽  
Collective Reading ◽  
Straightforward Extension

Chapter 4 shows that many singular group action sentences admit of a distributive/collective ambiguity and that singular group referring terms are often the antecedents of plural pronouns. This provides support for a straightforward extension of the account of the logical form of plural action sentences to singular group action sentences. It shows further that the ambiguity is not plausibly attributed to lexical ambiguity in either the noun phrase or verb phrase in singular group action sentences. Next, it shows that the reason that some singular group action sentences appear to have only a collective reading has to do with the verbs expressing essentially collective action types and not with the fact that their subject positions are occupied by singular group referring terms.

From Plural to Institutional Agency

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirk Ludwig
Keyword(s):  
Collective Action ◽  
Methodological Individualism ◽  
Strong Form ◽  
Multiple Agents ◽  
Group Agency ◽  
Individual Agency ◽  
Socially Constructed ◽  
Nation States ◽  
Institutional Agency ◽  
Reductive Account

Can institutional agency be understood in terms of informal (plural) group agency? This book argues that the answer is ‘yes’, and more specifically that both can be understood ultimately in terms of the agency of individuals who are members of such groups and in terms of the concepts already at play in our understanding of individual agency. Thus, the book argues for a strong form of methodological individualism. It is the second part of a two-part project that extends the multiple agents account of plural agency in From Individual to Plural Agency (OUP 2016) to institutional agency. It argues that the key to understanding institutional agency is recognizing that the time-indexed institutional membership relation is socially constructed in the sense that it is a special type of status function, a status role, which is accepted by the agent who fills the role. The book analyzes constitutive rules in terms of essentially intentional patterns of collective action and status functions in terms of constitutive rules and conventions. It analyzes institutions as structures of interrelated status roles that can be successively occupied by different agents, and provides a reductive account of institutional action in terms of these roles and the notion of proxy agency, in which one agent or group acts through another who is authorized to act for them. The account is applied to both corporations and nation states.

We are “the Resistance”: Predictors and consequences of self-categorization into the emerging movement to oppose Trump

2020 ◽  
pp. 136843022097475
Author(s):  
Samuel Hansen Freel ◽  
Rezarta Bilali ◽  
Erin Brooke Godfrey
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Social Movements ◽  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Collective Action ◽  
Social Movement ◽  
Efficacy Beliefs ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Identity Consolidation

In a three-wave longitudinal study conducted in the first 100 days of Trump’s presidency, this paper examines how people come to self-categorize into the emerging social movement “the Resistance,” and how self-categorization into this movement influences future participation in collective action and perceptions of the movement’s efficacy. Conventional collective action (e.g., protest, lobby legislators)—but not persuasive collective action (e.g., posting on social media)—and perceived identity consolidation efficacy of the movement at Wave 1 predicted a higher likelihood of self-categorization into the movement 1 month later (Wave 2) and 2 months later (Wave 3). Self-categorization into the Resistance predicted two types of higher subsequent movement efficacy perceptions, and helped sustain the effects of conventional collective action and movement efficacy beliefs at Wave 1 on efficacy beliefs at Wave 3. Implications for theory and future research on emerging social movements are discussed.

How Collective-Action Failure Shapes Group Heterogeneity and Engagement in Conventional and Radical Action Over Time

2021 ◽  
pp. 095679762097056
Author(s):  
Morgana Lizzio-Wilson ◽  
Emma F. Thomas ◽  
Winnifred R. Louis ◽  
Brittany Wilcockson ◽  
Catherine E. Amiot ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Movements ◽  
Collective Action ◽  
Latent Profile Analysis ◽  
Profile Analysis ◽  
Social Identification ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Group Efficacy ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Over Time

Extensive research has identified factors influencing collective-action participation. However, less is known about how collective-action outcomes (i.e., success and failure) shape engagement in social movements over time. Using data collected before and after the 2017 marriage-equality debate in Australia, we conducted a latent profile analysis that indicated that success unified supporters of change ( n = 420), whereas failure created subgroups among opponents ( n = 419), reflecting four divergent responses: disengagement (resigned acceptors), moderate disengagement and continued investment (moderates), and renewed commitment to the cause using similar strategies (stay-the-course opponents) or new strategies (innovators). Resigned acceptors were least inclined to act following failure, whereas innovators were generally more likely to engage in conventional action and justify using radical action relative to the other profiles. These divergent reactions were predicted by differing baseline levels of social identification, group efficacy, and anger. Collective-action outcomes dynamically shape participation in social movements; this is an important direction for future research.

scholarly journals Quebec’s Economic and Commercial Linkages with the United States, 1994–2017

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Earl H. Fry
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
The United States ◽  
The North ◽  
Nation States ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Us ◽  
Us Government ◽  
Big Picture ◽  
The Impact

This article examines the ebb and flow of the Quebec government’s economic and commercial relations with the United States in the period 1994–2017. The topic demonstrates the impact of three major forces on Quebec’s economic and commercial ties with the US: (1) the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) which became operational in 1994 and was fully implemented over a 15-year period; (2) the onerous security policies put in place by the US government in the decade following the horrific events of 11 September 2001; and (3) changing economic circumstances in the United States ranging from robust growth to the worst recession since the Great Depression of the 1930s. The article also indicates that the Quebec government continues to sponsor a wide range of activities in the United States, often more elaborate and extensive than comparable activities pursued by many nation-states with representation in the US. 1 1 Stéphane Paquin, ‘Quebec-U.S. Relations: The Big Picture’, American Review of Canadian Studies 46, no. 2 (2016): 149–61.

scholarly journals The motives for cooperation in work organizations

2009 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 315-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
HELENA LOPES ◽  
ANA C. SANTOS ◽  
NUNO TELES
Keyword(s):  
Collective Action ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Relational Satisfaction ◽  
Cooperative Behaviour ◽  
Moral Norms ◽  
Work Organizations ◽  
Norms And Values ◽  
Common Goals

Abstract:This paper aims to contribute to a better understanding of cooperation in productive ventures, conceived of as collective action endeavours that require cooperation rather than mere coordination. It is argued that cooperative behaviour is grounded on three kinds of ‘common goods’, defined as goods that are shared and recognized as beneficial by the workers. These comprise common goals, relational satisfaction, and moral norms and values. The commonly held goods are associated with motives and behavioural rules which constitute both the reasons for cooperating and the means through which the dilemmatic nature of cooperation is overcome. It is further argued that the binding character of these rules is closely linked to humans’ ability and opportunity to communicate. Normative guidelines relative to management practices and directions for future research are also derived.

Why Do Patients Protest? Collective Action Processes in People With Chronic Illnesses

2017 ◽  
pp. 1197-1219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Davide Mazzoni ◽  
Augusta Isabella Alberici
Keyword(s):  
Collective Action ◽  
Patient Engagement ◽  
Group Identification ◽  
Theoretical Explanation ◽  
Chronic Illnesses ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Perceived Injustice ◽  
Group Efficacy ◽  
New Directions ◽  
Core Elements

Despite the relevance of the topic, an exhaustive psychosocial reflection on the processes that may facilitate patients' protest is still missing. The chapter provides a theoretical and empirical overview of psychosocial pathways for patients' collective action. Five core factors are reviewed: perceived injustice, group efficacy, group identification, moral convictions and social embeddedness. Each of them provides a different explanation of collective action processes and is examined for its potential impact among patients. The chapter closes suggesting some core elements for a theoretical explanation of patients' collective action and its relationship with patient engagement. Practical and theoretical implications of patients' collective action are discussed to identify new directions for future research and interventions.

Trust in Online Shopping Behavior

2012 ◽  
pp. 456-465
Author(s):  
Yongqiang Sun ◽  
Nan Wang
Keyword(s):  
Information Disclosure ◽  
Online Shopping ◽  
Shopping Behavior ◽  
Purchase Behavior ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Privacy Concern ◽  
Big Picture ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Online Shopping Behavior ◽  
Post Purchase

Trust, which dominates the research on online shopping behavior, is relevant to various consumer behaviors across different online shopping stages. To provide a big picture of the research on trust in the online shopping context, this chapter reviews the literature on this topic and summarizes the major research findings. Specifically, trust-related behaviors are identified according to the three online shopping stages: information adoption and information disclosure behavior at the pre-purchase stage, product purchase behavior at the purchase stage, and relational behavior such as electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM) and re-purchase at the post-purchase stage. The research topics relevant to these behaviors, including recommendation agent, information credibility, privacy concern, trust building and transfer process, and relationship marketing in the online shopping context are detailed. The future research directions such as location-based services, trust and distrust, and trust repair are also highlighted.

7. Power and accountability in environmental law

2017 ◽  
pp. 81-94
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Fisher
Keyword(s):  
Collective Action ◽  
Judicial Review ◽  
Review Process ◽  
Environmental Law ◽  
State Power ◽  
The State ◽  
Collective Action Problem ◽  
Nation States ◽  
Good Government ◽  
Scientific Expertise

Nation states dominate environmental law because of the need for a comprehensive exercise of authority in response to a collective action problem within any particular jurisdiction. ‘Power and accountability in environmental law’ explains that what makes the exercise of state power legitimate is that it is employed in accordance with established principles of good government—principles nearly always embodied in law. However, behind many environmental debates and disagreements are disagreements about the power of the state. The different administrative institutions of environmental law are described as well as how scientific expertise is fundamental to environmental law. The judicial review process is also outlined.

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