scholarly journals Of pride and prejudice: agent learning under sticky and persistent stereotype

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 381-410
Author(s):  
Georg D. Blind ◽  
Stefania Lottanti von Mandach

AbstractStereotypes matter for economic interaction if counterparty utility is informed by factors other than price. Stereotyped agents may engage in efforts to counter stereotype by adapting to in-group standards. We present a model informing the optimal extent of these efforts depending on an agent’s (a) share of total transactions between out- and in-group agents; and (b) share of repeated transaction pairings with in-group counterparties. Low values of (a) suppress the effect of adaptation efforts on the stereotype itself (persistence). In turn, low values of (b) mean that out-group agents cannot dissociate from stereotype (stickiness). Significantly, the model implies that the optimum level of effort may require adaptation beyond in-group standards, and that such over-adaptation attains maximum likelihood in cases where stereotype is sticky and persistent at the same time. We test our model with data on private equity buyout investments conducted in Japan between 1998 and 2015 by domestic Japanese and Anglo-Saxon funds. We document that the latter not only adapt, but eventually over-adapt. In addition, we show that their efforts are effective in reducing a premium initially asked by domestic counterparties.

2006 ◽  
Vol 11 (01) ◽  
pp. 35-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
CAN KUT ◽  
JAN SMOLARSKI

Venture capitalist and buy-out funds are often considered experts at investing in high-risk projects and companies. To be successful investors, private equity funds must therefore manage the many aspects of risk that are associated with investing in non-public enterprises. This study examines how Indian private equity funds manage several dimensions of risk in comparison to non-Anglo-Saxon funds. We analyze risk management preferences in Indian and Franco-German funds in pre- and post-investment stages. The results, which are discussed in detail, show significant differences between the two groups.


2015 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 251
Author(s):  
Misnen Ardiansyah

In Indonesia, the most populer contract used by Islamic bank is murabahah contract, which is very close to the debt based financing. Many researchers argue that, this phenomenon is due to the risk faced by Islamic bank particularly related to the moral hazard by mudarib. This paper aims to explore the lack of musharakah and mudarabah contract in perspective of agency problems theory. The important issue in this paper is whether agency problem also underlies between customer as an agent and Islamic bank as a principal in financing contract. By employing holistic paradigm, namely by combining Islamic value and conventional theory, this study find two conclusion. First, agency problem in the scheme of Islamic banking products is due to the asymmetric information between agent and principal. Strict procedures and higher criteria cause mudarabah amount of financing contract of Islamic bank can not reach it optimum level. Second, agency problems which is happen in Islamic bank can be solve by optimizing the profit sharing ratio aimed to know the customer characters. Optimal sharing ratio can press the moral hazard problem, since the customer should be able to run his business with a maximum level of effort and be able to maximize the revenue generated to match the expectations of the bank and the customer. If the profit-sharing scheme is not optimal, it will lead bank suspicion, thus, banks will increase their control that it will directly have an impact on the rising of cost of monitoring and verification.   Di Indonesia, kontrak yang lumayan tenar yang paling banyak digunakan oleh bank syariah adalah akad murabahah, yang sangat dekat dengan pembiayaan berbasis utang. Banyak peneliti berpendapat bahwa, fenonema ini karena risiko yang dihadapi oleh bank syariah khususnya terkait dengan moral hazard. Tulisan ini bertujuan mengeksplorasi kurangnya musharakah dan mudarabah kontrak dalam perspektif masalah agensi teori. Isu penting dalam tulisan ini adalah apakah masalah keagenan juga mendasari antara pelanggan sebagai agen dan bank syariah sebagai utama dalam kontrak pembiayaan. Dengan menggunakan paradigma holistik, yaitu menggabungkan nilai Islam dan teori konvensional, penelitian ini menemukan dua kesimpulan. Pertama, masalah keagenan dalam skema produk perbankan syariah adalah karena informasi asimetris antara agen dan principal. Prosedur yang ketat dan kriteria yang lebih tinggi menyebabkan jumlah mudarabah kontrak pembiayaan bank syariah tidak dapat mencapai kepada tingkat optimal. Kedua, masalah keagenan yang terjadi di bank syariah dapat terpecahkan dengan mengoptimalkan nisbah bagi hasil yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui karakter pelanggan. Nisbah bagi yang optimal dapat menekan masalah moral hazard, karena pelanggan harus mampu menjalankan bisnisnya dengan tingkat maksimum usaha dan mampu memaksimalkan pendapatan yang dihasilkan sesuai dengan harapan bank dan nasabah. Jika skema bagi hasil tidak optimal, hal itu akan menyebabkan kecurigaan Bank, dengan demikian, bank akan meningkatkan kendali mereka bahwa itu akan langsung berdampak pada meningkatnya biaya monitoring dan verifikasi.


2013 ◽  
Vol 57 (1-2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christoph Scheuplein

The Anglo-Saxon axis. An empirical analysis of buy-outs and location structures of private equity firms in Germany. The current research suggests that equity investment firms in Germany are concentrated in five or six regional centres of equal importance. While the theoretical discussion focuses primarily on venture capital, empirical studies on locations of venture capital and buy-outs usually make no explicit distinction between the two forms of investment. The analysis presented here makes a systematic distinction between venture capital and buy-outs, with a special focus on buy-outs because this form of investment is of greater economic importance. The paper also extends the range of available data by including data on company transactions. An evaluation of all buy-outs in Germany in 2012 indicates that Munich is the only major location of buy-out firms in Germany, apart from Frankfurt am Main. The branch offices of equity investment firms based in the USA and the United Kingdom (UK) are a crucial factor. Moreover, many private equity firms operate directly from outside Germany, particularly from London. Thus, one might speak of an Anglo-Saxon axis of buy-out firms. These firms have a significant competitive advantage due to better fundraising opportunities in the financialised economies of the USA and the UK. Therefore, it is argued that, rather than focusing exclusively on the regional capital supply to explain the infrastructure of equity investment firms, as it was done in the past, the research should also take the organization of sources of funds into consideration.


2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maurizio Rija

Over the years, in order to meet the financial needs of companies, new forms of financing alternative to the traditional banking channel have been developed. These include the institutional investment in risk capital, which is defined by the terms Anglo-Saxon venture capital and private equity. In this empirical analysis, the divestment of the venture capitalist's participation will be emphasized by listing the invested companies in the stock market, a channel not widely used in Italy, but highly desired because of the various benefits it can bring. Analyzing the IPOs that were carried out in Italy on the main list from 2007 to 2017, we will verify what is described in the economic literature, which is that a venture capitalist, by performing a certification role, is able to reduce the information asymmetries presented in the listing process and, as a result, contain underpricing and improve oversubscription. By using the presence of a venture capitalist within the venture capital as the only variable, it has been observed that on average the underpricing and oversubscription of the venture-backed IPOs slightly differentiate from the non-venture-backed IPOs. However, the study carried out shows that this difference, although not significant, turns out to be very interesting.


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