The Surface Revealed

Reflective Consciousness ◽

Language And Communication ◽

Key Features

This chapter works out some of the key features of the notion of consciousness usually discussed by Nietzsche (most notably, in aphorism 354 of The Gay Science). Given such features (which include reflexivity, dependence on language and communication, and higher-order nature), it is argued that this notion of consciousness corresponds to reflective consciousness, i.e. the capacity for verbally articulated thought, the emergence of which is ultimately explained as a by-product of linguistic communication. The chapter shows how Nietzsche’s picture of reflective consciousness develops from Daybreak to Gay Science. Finally, it explores the link that Nietzsche draws between the emergence of consciousness and that of mind-reading capacities.

Could we please lose the mapping metaphor, please?

10.1017/s0140525x01390131 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 24 (6) ◽

pp. 1119-1120 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Michael Tomasello

Keyword(s):

Social Cognition ◽

Word Learning ◽

Learning Process ◽

Cultural Learning ◽

Mind Reading ◽

Learning Skills ◽

One Year

Although Bloom gives more credit to social cognition (mind reading) than do most other theorists of word learning, he does not go far enough. He still relies fundamentally on a learning process of association (or mapping), neglecting the joint attentional and cultural learning skills from which linguistic communication emerges at one year of age.

Shared circuits in language and communication

10.1017/s0140525x07003172 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 31 (1) ◽

pp. 26-27 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Simon Garrod ◽

Martin J. Pickering

Keyword(s):

Target Article ◽

Linguistic Representations ◽

Language And Communication ◽

Linguistic Input

AbstractThe target article says surprisingly little about the possible role of shared circuits in language and communication. This commentary considers how they might contribute to linguistic communication, particularly during dialogue. We argue that shared circuits are used to promote alignment between linguistic representations at many levels and to support production-based emulation of linguistic input during comprehension.

Could dancing be coupled oscillation? – the interactive approach to linguistic communication and dynamical systems theory

10.1017/s0140525x02370110 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 25 (5) ◽

pp. 634-635 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Erik Myin ◽

Sonja Smets

Keyword(s):

Dynamical System ◽

Dynamical Systems ◽

Systems Theory ◽

Multiple Scales ◽

Dynamical Systems Theory ◽

Interactive Approach ◽

Theoretical Frameworks ◽

Target Article ◽

Language And Communication

Although we applaud the interactivist approach to language and communication taken in the target article, we notice that Shanker & King (S&K) give little attention to the theoretical frameworks developed by dynamical system theorists. We point out how the dynamical idea of causality, viewed as multidirectional across multiple scales of organization, could further strengthen the position taken in the target article.

Nella testa del traduttore

PARADIGMI ◽

10.3280/para2009-002009 ◽

2009 ◽

pp. 113-122

Author(s):

Francesco Ferretti

Keyword(s):

Mind Reading ◽

The Real ◽

Code Model ◽

Inferential Model ◽

Abstract Entities ◽

Linguistic Comprehension ◽

Human Capacity ◽

Processing Effort

- This paper analyses the process of translating by using the conceptual tools involved in two different models of linguistic comprehension: the code model and the inferential model. If communication is described as a process of coding and decoding the same thought in the same code, then translation into a different code becomes impossible. But linguistic communication, instead of a process of coding and decoding, can be considered an inferential practice that involves the human capacity of mind-reading. Once we abandon the explanation of translation as something happening between ideal and abstract entities (the linguistic codes), the real use of language, and translation with it, turns out to be a matter of degree.Keywords: Untranslatability, Code model, Inferential model, Processing effort, Pidgin, Mind-reading.Parole chiave: Intraducibilitŕ, Modello del codice, Modello inferenziale, Sforzo di elaborazione, Pidgin, Lettura della mente.

Propositions and higher-order attitude attributions

Canadian Journal of Philosophy ◽

10.1080/00455091.2013.891688 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 43 (5-6) ◽

pp. 741-765 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Kirk Ludwig

Keyword(s):

Higher Order ◽

Sentence Meaning ◽

Attitude Reports ◽

Language And Communication ◽

Standard Solutions

An important objection to sententialist theories of attitude reports is that they cannot accommodate the principle that one cannot know that someone believes that p without knowing what it is that he believes. This paper argues that a parallel problem arises for propositionalist accounts that has gone largely unnoticed, and that, furthermore, the usual resources for the propositionalist do not afford an adequate solution. While non-standard solutions are available for the propositionalist, it turns out that there are parallel solutions that are available for the sententialist. Since the difficulties raised seem to show that the mechanism by which sentential complements serve to inform us about attitudes and about sentence meaning does not depend on their referring to propositions, this casts doubt on whether talk of propositions should retain a significant theoretical role in the enterprise of understanding thought, language and communication.

Dual systems for all: Higher-order, role-based relational reasoning as a uniquely derived feature of human cognition

10.1017/s0140525x19000451 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 42 ◽

Author(s):

Daniel J. Povinelli ◽

Gabrielle C. Glorioso ◽

Shannon L. Kuznar ◽

Mateja Pavlic

Keyword(s):

Temporal Reasoning ◽

Higher Order ◽

Important Case ◽

Human Cognition ◽

Relational Reasoning ◽

Dual Systems ◽

First Order ◽

Reasoning System ◽

Role Based

Abstract Hoerl and McCormack demonstrate that although animals possess a sophisticated temporal updating system, there is no evidence that they also possess a temporal reasoning system. This important case study is directly related to the broader claim that although animals are manifestly capable of first-order (perceptually-based) relational reasoning, they lack the capacity for higher-order, role-based relational reasoning. We argue this distinction applies to all domains of cognition.

Quantitative EPMA of nitrogen : A tricky element in the electron-probe microanalyzer

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100132741 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 50 (2) ◽

pp. 1622-1623

Author(s):

G.F. Bastin ◽

H.J.M. Heijligers

Keyword(s):

Background Subtraction ◽

Electron Probe ◽

Detection System ◽

Higher Order ◽

Light Elements ◽

Strong Suppression ◽

Electron Probe Microanalyzer ◽

Quantitative Epma ◽

Peak Count ◽

Lead Stearate

Among the ultra-light elements B, C, N, and O nitrogen is the most difficult element to deal with in the electron probe microanalyzer. This is mainly caused by the severe absorption that N-Kα radiation suffers in carbon which is abundantly present in the detection system (lead-stearate crystal, carbonaceous counter window). As a result the peak-to-background ratios for N-Kα measured with a conventional lead-stearate crystal can attain values well below unity in many binary nitrides . An additional complication can be caused by the presence of interfering higher-order reflections from the metal partner in the nitride specimen; notorious examples are elements such as Zr and Nb. In nitrides containing these elements is is virtually impossible to carry out an accurate background subtraction which becomes increasingly important with lower and lower peak-to-background ratios. The use of a synthetic multilayer crystal such as W/Si (2d-spacing 59.8 Å) can bring significant improvements in terms of both higher peak count rates as well as a strong suppression of higher-order reflections.

Effects of Higher-Order Laue Zone reflections on structure images

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100148083 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 51 ◽

pp. 450-451

Author(s):

H. S. Kim ◽

S. S. Sheinin

Keyword(s):

Wave Vector ◽

Theoretical Calculations ◽

Reciprocal Lattice ◽

Image Plane ◽

Bloch Wave ◽

Dynamical Theory ◽

Higher Order ◽

Lattice Image ◽

Lattice Vector ◽

Image Position

The importance of image simulation in interpreting experimental lattice images is well established. Normally, in carrying out the required theoretical calculations, only zero order Laue zone reflections are taken into account. In this paper we assess the conditions for which this procedure is valid and indicate circumstances in which higher order Laue zone reflections may be important. Our work is based on an analysis of the requirements for obtaining structure images i.e. images directly related to the projected potential. In the considerations to follow, the Bloch wave formulation of the dynamical theory has been used.The intensity in a lattice image can be obtained from the total wave function at the image plane is given by: where ϕg(z) is the diffracted beam amplitide given by In these equations,the z direction is perpendicular to the entrance surface, g is a reciprocal lattice vector, the Cg(i) are Fourier coefficients in the expression for a Bloch wave, b(i), X(i) is the Bloch wave excitation coefficient, ϒ(i)=k(i)-K, k(i) is a Bloch wave vector, K is the electron wave vector after correction for the mean inner potential of the crystal, T(q) and D(q) are the transfer function and damping function respectively, q is a scattering vector and the summation is over i=l,N where N is the number of beams taken into account.