Teaching foreign languages taking into account the variety of types of communicative activity

The article deals with the key aspects of teaching foreign languages, taking into account the variety of types of communicative activity. It is known for certain that the leading communicative characteristic of language communication is its dualism, i.e. the presence in any separate act of communication of two participants and, accordingly, two communicative processes: the transmission or production of a language message and its reception. The processes of transmitting and receiving language messages can be separated by arbitrarily large intervals of space and time. The very two-sidedness of language communication determines the presence of different roles performed by the individuals involved in it. Each of these roles, which we will call types of communicative or linguistic activity, is a complex psychophysiological complex with pronounced specificity. The distinction between productive and receptive in linguistic communication is, therefore, not a terminological excess, but a fact of paramount importance, arising from the very nature of linguistic information exchange. Communication has many features that it would be right to take into account when teaching the acquired language. Such forms of speech activity as production and receiving have a different nature of origin and existence. An invaluable help in teaching foreign languages for the successful solution of these tasks is to conduct a number of lexicographic and phonetic-grammatical studies.

ORAL EXPRESSION SKILLS OF PEOPLE WITH DEMENTIA

Communication includes both linguistic and nonlinguistic forms and oral communication is the linguistic communication that exchanges information vocally and aurally. This process can be affected by various reasons and neurodegenerative diseases are one of them. In dementia, which is defined as a neurodegenerative disease, oral expression skills can be impaired in different ways. Linguistic problems can be observed in these patients’ speech. In this context, the oral expression skills of people with dementia of the Alzheimer type were analysed in this study. By using description tests both control group and Alzheimer group were compared within the use of verbal and nominal sentences. It was found out that these patients tend to use verbal sentences more in their oral speech. However, when compared to the control group the use of nominal sentences were higher

Characterizing Episodes of Lucidity in Dementia: Observational and Applied Computational Linguistics Approaches

Though episodes of lucidity (EL) in Alzheimer’s disease and related dementia (ADRD), reportedly more common near end of life, have significant implications for care, they are poorly understood due to underdeveloped methodological approaches for capturing and measuring these events. This prospective observational study addresses these gaps through audiovisual observation among persons with ADRD surrounding end of life to inform data-driven definitions for EL and distinguish EL from routine fluctuations in ADRD. Audiovisual observation is well-suited to addressing gaps in operationalization of EL, providing an objective data source to assess verbal and nonverbal communication, the primary means through which EL are evidenced. Our study is designed to establish optimal procedures for capturing audiovisual data of targeted populations and timeframes to maximize opportunities for detecting EL. Operationalization of EL will be informed by computational linguistic and behavioral-event coding of linguistic and non-linguistic communication features of EL and associated temporal qualities.

A science mapping of studies on courtroom discourse with CiteSpace

The courtroom, as the most dramatic setting of legal language, is a rich linguistic domain for research; therefore, a science mapping study of the state of the art of this emerging field is of necessity. By CiteSpace V, the present study provides a comprehensive and up-to-date systematic review of the research on courtroom discourse, as presented by 379 article publications and their 10,538 references in the Web of Science (WoS) Core Collection from 1979 to 2021. According to statistics on publications by year, it appears that courtroom discourse research has experienced a period of silence (1979–1992), followed by an emergent period (1993–2005), before entering a period of considerable growth since 2006. Weak cooperative networks, extensive information base, multiple research fronts, and dynamic hotspots of courtroom discourse research have been discovered. Courtroom discourse research focuses on three core topics: courtroom interpreting, the interaction between law, language, power, and ideology, and the investigation of courtroom trial structures. Linguistic communication issues are prominent in courtroom discourse. As far as courtroom subjects are concerned, there is an audience-oriented turn in the latest research front of courtroom discourse. The research hotspots have shifted from language ontology during the emergent period to consolidating and developing the theoretical foundations of courtroom discourse during the rapid development period. According to keyword clustering, stance studies and miscommunication research are significant research hotspots of courtroom discourse.

Show or Tell? Teaching with language outperforms demonstration but only when context is shared

People use a wide range of communicative acts, from concrete demonstrations to abstract language. What are the strengths and weaknesses of such different modalities? We present a series of real-time, multi-player experiments asking participants to teach (Boolean) concepts using either demonstrations or language. Our first experiment (N = 454) manipulated the complexity of the concept, finding that linguistic (but not demonstrative) teaching enables high-fidelity transmission of more complex concepts. Why, then, do humans use both demonstrations and language? As a form of conventionalized communication, language relies on shared context between speaker and listener, whereas demonstrations are inherently grounded in the world. We hypothesized linguistic communication would be more sensitive to perturbations of shared context than demonstrations. Our second experiment (N = 568) manipulated teachers’ ability to see the features that defined the concept. This restriction severely impaired linguistic (but not demonstrative) teaching. Our comparative approach confirms language relies on shared context to permit high bandwidth communication; in contrast, demonstrations are lower-bandwidth but more robust.

ANTHROPONYMS AS THE BASIC CONSTITUENTS OF THE ONYME SYSTEM

The purpose of the article is to summarize and supplement key information about anthroponyms as basic components of the onymic system by referring to English-language lexicographic works and terminology registers. The object of the study is anthroponyms as the basic components of the onymic system. The subject of the study is the specificity of terminological designation, definition and typology of anthroponyms in Ukrainian and foreign sources. Methods of research are predetermined by the purpose and tasks put in the article. The main ones are comparative analyses, observation method, analysis of the scientific literature, method of classification, descriptive, comparative, and historical methods as well as methods of generalization and abstraction. They make it possible to clarify the concept of anthroponym, to define the specificity of functioning in different resources, to draw conclusions on the typology of anthroponyms. The term «anthroponym» belongs to the category of international and is firmly established in scientific linguistic communication for proper names of people. The chronology of its appearance in foreign and domestic sources varies, but can be most generally described as the second half of the twentieth century. Presence in the most authoritative terminology registers and dictionaries has contributed to popularization of the term «anthroponym» among researches of different countries and has supported its relevance for many decades. The analysed English-speaking and Ukrainian lexicographic works are mostly unanimous in defining anthroponym as a name of a human being, but we find particularly valuable more informative definitions, which contain information on the function and peculiarities of anthroponyms or represent a typology of antroponyms. The anthroponym typologies proposed by the authors vary considerably in quantitative and qualitative parameters, making it difficult to compare them with the corresponding material in Englishlanguage sources. The results of the analyses validate the observations of scholars from different countries that terminological homogeneity does not exist at the international level, which makes translation of terms and comparative research difficult.

Language communication in a pragmatic perspective: Flouting the cooperative principle

The aim of the article is a pragmatic analysis of various linguistic communication situations in the light of Grice’s principle of cooperation (1975). The analysis shows that language strategies involve a deliberate flouting of the cooperative principle using various pragmatic functions. The presented communication strategies in English, German, Polish and Russian show similarities in their occurrence. The sender may convey intentions not directly, but by hidden means of expression which often become an exponent of an apparent question, a change in the argumentative direction, the use of ambiguous words, irony or even silence. Hence, we can talk about the implementation of the pragmatic functions of “language avoidance”, “counter-argumentation”, “counter-proposal”, “irony” etc.

A cognitive-functional approach to utterance pairs: A critical review of dialogic construction grammar

The combination of construction grammar and dialogic syntax in cognitive linguistics facilitates a novel cognitive-functional approach to investigating dialogues, which highlights the engagement of interlocutors and aims to examine the cognitive motivation and mechanism underlying the resonances and temporary constructions in utterance pairs. Nevertheless, studies on dialogic construction grammar are scarce and unsystematic, some of which concern theoretical explanation instead of practical application with sufficient data. As a result, it is demanding to testify its explanatory force in diverse types of utterance pairs in natural language. Basically grounded on the monograph Dialogic Construction Grammar: A Theoretical Framework and Its Application, this review sorts out the development of dialogic construction grammar, and manages to presents how the Event domain-based Schema-Instance model is constructed to explore the cognitive mechanism of common types of utterance pairs, particulary, wh-question and answer pairs, namely wh-dialogues, with the intention to explain how dialogic construction grammar theory is applied to investigate the cognitive-functional properties of common utterance pairs in linguistic communication, at the same time pointing out the future work that might be done in the studies on construction grammar.

THE VERBAL SIGNIFIERS IN ARABIC LANGUAGE-A STUDY IN THE IDEATIONAL COMPONENT AND THE INTERPERSONAL COMPONENT-

Our familiarity with our teaching of Arabic grammar detect the state of phobia that infect the majority of students when they are studied the Arabic grammar (El-nahoo), but, when I analyzed this phenomenon as a teacher and - before - studying this science, I noticed that the beginner Arabic language learner may focus on the grammatical or morphological base independently of its linguistic and current context; as if His classical Arabic is other than the language used with its many names. From a dialect, to a daily language, etc, and it is in fact only one aspect of its development, and the strange thing is that the name of the language (Arabic) indicates "' Clarity' that may not be achieved with the same accuracy in other languages, and it is a miracle of rhetoric. The expression of the souls and their phenomena in this language may be in words with real connotations, and it is predominant in the language to achieve communication, and the meanings may arrive in a metaphorical form; some words deviate from the origin of their connotations using the linguistic and current contexts, and therefore it is clear that our understanding of language is not based on single words. Rather, by referring to the sentence or text in many times to determine the grammatical function of these words, and that is what has been suggested in this research to trace the actual functions based on the intellectual and reciprocal components, which are among the foundations of linguistic communication in all languages, including the Arabic language that is the subject of study. On the descriptive comparative approach in defining these functions, in order to be able to compare them with their interviews in French and English; To set the term and its origins first, and secondly to facilitate the translation of these verbs between the three languages.