Disciplinary Measures

Wartime Relations ◽

10.1093/oso/9780198817222.003.0008 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 111-130

Author(s):

Maren Röger

Keyword(s):

Public Education ◽

Death Penalty ◽

Sexual Behaviour ◽

Intimate Relationships ◽

Short Hair ◽

German Occupation ◽

Form Part ◽

Forced Prostitution ◽

General Work

This chapter explores the disciplinary measures against fraternizing women. Women's sexual behaviour was linked to ideas of national honour; patriotic opinion-makers classified intimate relationships with the German occupiers as a betrayal of the nation. As such, moralistic appeals to women were made throughout the German occupation. These appeals to women form part of the general work of public education carried out by the Polish Underground. Another level of action taken by the Underground was to spy on women with German boyfriends. Espionage would be followed by a forceful warning and one of the options open to the Polish executive of the Underground in cases of repeated contravention was the practice of shaving heads as an honour punishment. This penalty was well-enough known to be feared by Polish women: short hair stigmatized them for months. The Polish Underground also made use of other physical punishments, such as beatings and the death penalty. The chapter then looks at the disciplinary measures taken by Nazi authorities, including forced prostitution

Download Full-text

Policy and Politics of (Forced) Prostitution

Wartime Relations ◽

10.1093/oso/9780198817222.003.0003 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 36-49

Author(s):

Maren Röger

Keyword(s):

Sexually Transmitted Diseases ◽

Sex Workers ◽

Daily Life ◽

German Occupation ◽

Sexually Transmitted ◽

Forced Prostitution

This chapter examines the policy and politics of (forced) prostitution. One of the most important measures against the spread of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) was the registration of regular sex workers and women the authorities suspected of prostitution. Once the women had been registered as prostitutes, they seem to have been unable to express a preference for street or brothel prostitution. There was a degree of compulsion to enter the official brothels, with their barracked daily life, in the occupied Polish territories. The vast majority of sexual enslavement affected women in the Warthegau. The perverted racial policies in the Warthegau contributed to the prostitution system there being a place of “organized rape in conditions of terror”. In the Warthegau, fraternization was punished by committal to the brothels. The chapter then looks at forced prostitution. The German occupation authorities acted not only as pimps, but also as traffickers.

Download Full-text

Interactive Spaces in Times of Racial Segregation

Wartime Relations ◽

10.1093/oso/9780198817222.003.0005 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 67-79

Author(s):

Maren Röger

Keyword(s):

Everyday Life ◽

Intimate Relationships ◽

Racial Segregation ◽

Physical Separation ◽

Men And Women ◽

German Occupation ◽

Interactive Spaces

This chapter assesses how German occupiers and Polish men and women interacted during times of racial segregation. Curiosity, a thirst for adventure, and specific offers gave rise to observable intimate relationships, especially in the first weeks and months of the German occupation. One measure intended to curb contact between German and locals was physical separation by the German racial thinking. However, in everyday life and in some places, the segregation between groups was enforced less strictly than the regulations demanded. Instead, the German men's need for female company was an open secret, and was, to some extent, tolerated by both military and civilian authorities. Most couples who had intimate relationships lasting for longer periods got to know each other at work, however. This was the most logical and least dangerous space for interaction because men and women met here daily anyway, meaning that neither side would attract suspicion. Contact with local women could also arise from military or professional duties: police and customs officers got to know women during questioning and arrests. Sexual barter transactions, and also sexual blackmail, could develop from such encounters.

Download Full-text

Death penalty for abortion threatened in Philippines

Reproductive Health Matters ◽

10.1016/s0968-8080(98)90131-8 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 6 (11) ◽

pp. 166

Keyword(s):

Death Penalty

Download Full-text

The Death Penalty on the Ballot

10.1017/9781108699617 ◽

2019 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Austin Sarat

Keyword(s):

Death Penalty

Download Full-text

Effects of Attachment Styles on the Experience of Equity in Heterosexual Couples Relationships

Experimental Psychology (formerly Zeitschrift für Experimentelle Psychologie) ◽

10.1026//1618-3169.50.4.298 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 50 (4) ◽

pp. 298-310 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Ina Grau ◽

Jörg Doll

Keyword(s):

Attachment Theory ◽

Attachment Style ◽

Intimate Relationships ◽

Attachment Styles ◽

Experimental Studies ◽

The Other ◽

Heterosexual Couples ◽

Secure Attachment ◽

Dependent Variables ◽

Equity Ratio

Abstract. Employing one correlational and two experimental studies, this paper examines the influence of attachment styles (secure, anxious, avoidant) on a person’s experience of equity in intimate relationships. While one experimental study employed a priming technique to stimulate the different attachment styles, the other involved vignettes describing fictitious characters with typical attachment styles. As the specific hypotheses about the single equity components have been developed on the basis of the attachment theory, the equity ratio itself and the four equity components (own outcome, own input, partner’s outcome, partner’s input) are analyzed as dependent variables. While partners with a secure attachment style tend to describe their relationship as equitable (i.e., they give and take extensively), partners who feel anxious about their relationship generally see themselves as being in an inequitable, disadvantaged position (i.e., they receive little from their partner). The hypothesis that avoidant partners would feel advantaged as they were less committed was only supported by the correlational study. Against expectations, the results of both experiments indicate that avoidant partners generally see themselves (or see avoidant vignettes) as being treated equitably, but that there is less emotional exchange than is the case with secure partners. Avoidant partners give and take less than secure ones.

Download Full-text