Gaudium et spes, luctus et angor
In 1965, Vatican II’s final document observed that ‘Profound and rapid changes are spreading by degrees around the whole world.’ Even by the mid-1960s, this assessment was hard to contradict—at the end of the decade, it would seem wildly understated. Put simply, a lot changed in the ‘turbulent sixties’—fashion, politics, popular music, social values, sexual mores. Within the Catholic Church, it would be more turbulent still. The euphoria unleashed by the Council precipitated a period of rapid and disorienting changes. Changes to the liturgy, devotional practices, the ordering and architecture of churches, and ecumenical relations were accompanied by the ‘abolition’ of Friday abstinence in 1966 and a crisis of disappointment and dissent in the wake of Humanae Vitae.