Introduction

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Fanny Bessard
Keyword(s):  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Near East ◽  
Professional Associations ◽  
Religious Institutions ◽  
Economic Success ◽  
Literary Sources ◽  
History Of ◽  
Epigraphic Evidence ◽  
Early Islamic ◽  
Large Corpus

This volume offers fresh perspectives on the origins of the economic success of the early Islamic caliphate, identifying a number of previously unnoticed or underplayed yet crucial developments, such as the changing conditions of labour, attitudes towards professional associations, and the interplay between the state, Islamic religious institutions, and the economy. Caliphs and Merchants: Cities and Economies of Power in the Near East (700–950) combines detailed analysis of a large corpus of literary sources in Arabic with presentation of new physical and epigraphic evidence. The introduction provides an overview of the history of scholarship in the field and lays out the structure and argumentation of the following chapters.

Caliphs and Merchants

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fanny Bessard
Keyword(s):  
Ninth Century ◽  
Professional Associations ◽  
Seventh Century ◽  
Religious Institutions ◽  
Near Eastern ◽  
The Past ◽  
Literary Sources ◽  
Arab Muslim ◽  
Epigraphic Evidence ◽  
Early Islamic

Caliphs and Merchants: Cities and Economies of Power in the Near East (700–950) offers fresh perspectives on the origins of the economic success of the early Islamic caliphate, identifying a number of previously unnoticed or underplayed yet crucial developments, such as the changing conditions of labour, attitudes towards professional associations, and the interplay between the state, Islamic religious institutions, and the economy. Moving beyond the well-studied transition between the death of Justinian in 565 and the Arab-Muslim conquests in the seventh century, Caliphs and Merchants focuses on the period of assertion of the Islamic world’s identity and authority. While the extraordinary prosperity of Near Eastern cities and economies in 700–950 was not unprecedented when one considers the early imperial Roman world, the aftermath of the Arab-Muslim conquests saw a deep transformation of urban retail and craft, which marked a break from the past. This book explores the mechanisms through which these changes resulted from the increasing involvement of caliphs and their governors in the patronage of urban economies, alongside the empowerment of enriched entrepreneurial tāǧir from the ninth century, as well as how they served the Arab-Muslim elite to secure their power and legitimacy. This book combines a wide corpus of literary sources in Arabic with original physical and epigraphic evidence. The approach is both comparative and global. The Middle East is examined in a Eurasian context, parallels being drawn between the Islamic world and Western Christendom, Byzantium, South East Asia, and China.

Regime Change in the Ancient Near East and Egypt

2007 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Regime Change ◽  
Near East ◽  
Ancient Near East ◽  
Recent History ◽  
Third Millennium ◽  
History Of ◽  
Early Islamic

The manner in which government practices and personnel survive the violent disruption of regime change is an issue of current relevance, yet it is a subject that has largely been ignored by modern scholarship. These chapters, covering more than 4,000 years of history, discuss the continuity of administration and royal iconography in successful changes of regime in Egypt, Mesopotamia and Iran. Recurring patterns are identified in ten case studies, ranging from late third millennium Mesopotamia to early Islamic Egypt. A summary of the recent history of Iraq suggests that these regularities have lessons for modern geopolitics.

Whence Come Qurʾān Manuscripts? Determining the Regional Provenance of Early Qurʾānic Codices

Der Islam ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 98 (2) ◽  
pp. 359-393
Author(s):  
Ala Vahidnia
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Literary Sources ◽  
History Of ◽  
Textual Variants ◽  
Early Islamic

Abstract In studies of early Qurʾānic manuscripts, determining the provenance of these manuscripts is a thorny issue because in most cases they lack endowment notes or colophons. The reports in early Islamic sources regarding textual variants of regional codices (maṣāḥif al-amṣār) may contribute to find a solution to this problem. A list of regional variants, mostly based on al-Dānī’s al-Muqniʿ, can be found in Nöldeke et al.’s The History of the Quran. However, as the authors have stated, a comparison of some of the early Qurʾānic manuscripts in the Topkapı Sarayı Museum with this table of maṣāḥif al-amṣār variants indicates that the traditional reports are unreliable for identifying the provenance of Qurʾānic manuscripts because none of these codices can be attributed to any particular region. The present article is an attempt to demonstrate that this problem results from relying solely on the data provided by al-Dānī and ignoring earlier and more significant sources, such as al-Sijistānī’s Kitāb al-Maṣāḥif. It attempts to provide a new and more precise classification of regional variants by reading afresh the reports on the features of maṣāḥif al-amṣār, taking into account the sources which were not used by Nöldeke et al., especially al-Sijistānī’s Kitāb al-Maṣāḥif, thus making the list of maṣāḥif al-amṣār variants more accurate, thereby the variants of each of these early Qurʾānic Codices tally more with the reports preserved for the characteristics of one of the maṣāḥif al-amṣār in literary sources. As the texts of the surviving manuscripts are not of a diverse nature we are able, with some certainty, to draw conclusions that substantiate the reports as to the peculiarities of the muṣḥafs of different cities.

The Ottoman Archives as a Source for the History of the Arab Lands

1951 ◽  
Vol 83 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 139-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernard Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Public And Private ◽  
Islamic Period ◽  
The Public ◽  
The People ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Literary Sources ◽  
History Of ◽  
Early Islamic Period ◽  
Early Islamic ◽  
Archive Material

One of the classical difficulties of the student of the history of the Islamic Middle East, as contrasted with his colleagues in the European field, is the lack of archive material. While the western medievalist, for example, has at his disposal a mass of records, central and local, public and private, political, administrative, judicial, and ecclesiastical, the orientalist has to rely for the most part on literary and archæological sources. In many fields of history his findings are in consequence often vague and general; they are in the main limited to the public and external life of the communities and individuals he studies. Only the events and personalities important enough to achieve literary mention are known to him, and then only through the reflecting medium of literary sources. Even the great figures, with few exceptions, remain dim and formalized outlines, while for the life of the people he has to rely mainly on occasional hints and scraps of evidence. Large numbers of individual documents survive in isolation—some in the form of inscriptions, others quoted in the texts of the chronicles; but only for one period after the rise of Islam is any important body of original documents available—and the light they have shed on the period from which they derive has deepened the surrounding darkness. The Egyptian papyri of the early Islamic period have imposed a rewriting of much of the history of the early Caliphate, as recorded by the chroniclers and jurists. Yet even the papyri are not archives in the true sense of the word.

The Earliest Irrigation in Turkmenia

Antiquity ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 43 (172) ◽  
pp. 279-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. N. Lisitsina
Keyword(s):  
Near East ◽  
Systematic Research ◽  
Near Eastern ◽  
Sedimentary Deposits ◽  
Literary Sources ◽  
History Of ◽  
Diyala River ◽  
Cultural World ◽  
Painted Pottery ◽  
Irrigation Agriculture

It has long been known that irrigation agriculture played a significant role in the history of civilization in the Near East, and it is not surprising, therefore, that many researchers have concentrated their efforts on the study of problems connected with early irrigation, based both on the evidence of literary sources (Jacobsen, 1960), and that provided by archaeology and palaeogeography. Probably the most interesting work of this kind is the systematic research which has been carried out in the Diyala river basin, which covers a wide chronological range (Adams, 1965). However, the thick sedimentary deposits in the Tigris and Euphrates valleys, and on the foothill plains and intermontane valleys in many regions of the Near East, have resulted, in most cases, in the ancient irrigation systems lying deeply buried and inaccessible. Very recently, as a result of joint archaeological and palaeogeographical investigations in southern Turkmenia, we have succeeded in discovering very early irrigation constructions in the region, where, in the 6th-2nd millennium BC were situated sites belonging to the painted pottery cultures-the Dieitun culture (Berdyev, 1965) and the so-called Anau culturewhich comprise the northern limits of the Near Eastern cultural world (FIG. I) (Pumpelly, 1908; Kuphtin, 1954; Masson, 1962, 1966 ; Sarianidi, 1965; Khlopin, 1963).

scholarly journals AN OVERVIEW OF THE MUSIC THERAPY PROFESSIONAL RECOGNITION IN THE EU

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (34) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nerdinga Letulė ◽  
Esa Ala Ruona
Keyword(s):  
Music Therapy ◽  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Professional Associations ◽  
Modern Music ◽  
Professional Recognition ◽  
History Of ◽  
Training Courses ◽  
The Eu

This article documents the development of the professional recognition of music<br />therapy in the EU. First, a brief history of the origins of modern music therapy in<br />Europe is presented, followed by more detailed analysis of the establishment of<br />training courses and professional associations across Europe. Second, the stages in<br />the professionalization process according to Ridder, Lerner and Suvini (2015) are<br />discussed. Third, the importance of the European Music Therapy Confederation in<br />promoting music therapy recognition in the EU is highlighted.

To Understand the Informal (on the Book BY V. L. Tambovtsev “Economics of Informal Institutions”)

2015 ◽  
pp. 151-158
Author(s):  
A. Zaostrovtsev
Keyword(s):  
Social Psychology ◽  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Human Behavior ◽  
Interdisciplinary Approach ◽  
Informal Institutions ◽  
Economic Thought ◽  
History Of ◽  
Original Classification

The review considers the first attempt in the history of Russian economic thought to give a detailed analysis of informal institutions (IF). It recognizes that in general it was successful: the reader gets acquainted with the original classification of institutions (including informal ones) and their genesis. According to the reviewer the best achievement of the author is his interdisciplinary approach to the study of problems and, moreover, his bias on the achievements of social psychology because the model of human behavior in the economic mainstream is rather primitive. The book makes evident that namely this model limits the ability of economists to analyze IF. The reviewer also shares the author’s position that in the analysis of the IF genesis the economists should highlight the uncertainty and reject economic determinism. Further discussion of IF is hardly possible without referring to this book.

Jewish religious communities in Kuban and Terek regions at the second half of the XIX - the beginning of the XX centuries

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (10) ◽  
pp. 165-178
Author(s):  
Ekaterina Norkina
Keyword(s):  
Religious Communities ◽  
Religious Institutions ◽  
Political Structure ◽  
Small Communities ◽  
Religious Buildings ◽  
History Of

The article is devoted to the history of the formation and features of the functioning of Jewish religious institutions outside the Pale of Settlement in the second half of the XIXth — early XXth centuries. The study is based on the materials of the Kuban and Terek regions, which had a somewhat different administrative and political structure from most other regions. Historically, the peculiarities of these areas influenced the policy of the authorities in towards the Jews, which influenced the activities of rabbis and synagogues. Despite the fact that the activities of rabbis and synagogues were constantly interrupted due to a number of external circumstances, members of local Jewish societies actively engaged in dialogue with the authorities and sought to revive religious buildings to life. Even small communities of Kuban and Terek tried to support their religious institutions and preserve the traditions of Judaism.

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