Definition and Classification of Bioceramic Endodontic Sealers

Introduction: The term “bioceramic” is used in endodontics to describe various products and is often used in general terms for mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) and other hydroscopic dental cements (HDC), which creates confusion in the terminology. Aim: The aim of the study is to present a definition and an original classification of bioceramic endodontic sealers. Materials and methods: A total of 123 articles were found by the PubMed search engine using the key phrase “bioceramic endodontic sealers”. Of these 123 articles, we analyzed 20 articles that contain information about the composition, properties, definition, and classification of bioceramic endodontic sealers. Results: In accordance with the collected data on the composition and the delivery form of calcium silicate endodontic sealers, we propose a new definition of bioceramic endodontic sealers that clarifies the specificities of these materials. In the new classification they are divided by two criteria: source of calcium silicate and form of delivery. It also contains the particular products’ names in order to aid their usage in the clinical practice.  Conclusions: The new definition of bioceramic endodontic sealers clears out the confusion in the terminology, which promotes the classification of these products and helps understanding their clinical application.

Recognition and calculation of objects in images using YOLOv3 architecture

Program that searches for five types of fruits in the images of fruit trees, classifies them and counts their quantity is presented. Its creation took into account the requirement to be able to work both in the background and in real time and to identify the desired objects at a sufficiently high speed. The program should also be able to learn from available computers (including laptops) and within a reasonable time. In carrying out this task, the possibilities of several existing approaches to the recognition and identification of visual objects based on the use of convolutional neural networks were analyzed. Among the considered network archi-tectures were R-CNN, Fast R-CNN, Faster R-CNN, SSD, YOLO and some modifications based on them. Based on the analysis of the peculiarities of their work, the YOLO architecture was used to perform the task, which allows the analy-sis of visual objects in real time with high speed and reliability. The software product was implemented by modifying the YOLOv3 architecture implemented in TensorFlow 2.1. Object recognition in this architecture is performed using a trained Darknet-53 network, the parameters of which are freely available. The modification of the network was to replace its original classification layer. The training of the network modified in this way was carried out on the basis of Transfer learning technology using the Agrilfruit Dataset. There was also a study of the peculiarities of the learning process of the network under the use of different types of gradient descent (stochastic and with the value of the batch 4 and 8), as a result of which the optimal version of the trained network weights was selected for further use. Tests of the modified and trained network have shown that the system based on it with high reliability distin-guishes objects of the corresponding classes of different sizes in the image (even with their significant masking) and counts their number. The ability of the program to distinguish and count the number of individual fruits in the analyzed image can be used to visually assess the yield of fruit trees

Inappropriate arguments as a communication technology: types, peculiarities, and countering mechanisms

This article is dedicated to such type of communication technology as inappropriate arguments. Special attention is given to clarification of the key concepts of the topic – “argumentation”, “appropriateness”, “inappropriateness”, and “context”. The original classification is provided to the types of inappropriate arguments. The author reveals the contextual peculiarities of using different types of inappropriate arguments; analyzes the specificity of using inappropriate arguments; as well as offers possible countering mechanisms. Particular examples of using incorrect arguments are confirmed by links to recorded live dialogues. The article employs the methods of intent analysis and comparative analysis. The Russian tradition of studying the theory and practice of argumentation features a number of research that touch upon the problem of inappropriate arguments. However, the study of arguments is just a part of the whole variety of communication technologies. The novelty of this work consists in the centralized, systematized presentation of the assemblage of variations of inappropriate arguments. The types of inappropriate arguments are illustrated on the specific examples from literature, cinematography, cultural -historical, social and political spheres of society. The acquired results can be valuable for the development of lecture courses on the theory and practice of argumentation, students majoring in philosophy, and audience interested in modern research dedicated to communication technologies.

Manifestations and Forms of the Communication on Competitions and Festivals

The paper researches manifestations and forms of the communication of competitions and festivals. The purpose of this research is to consider and characterize the phenomenon of the communication of competitions and festivals and to determine its main manifestations and forms. The initial guideline of the study was the statement that festivals and competitions perform many of functions, but most researchers distinguish the communication function as the main one. The research was held by collecting a source base on select issues. Author selected scientific papers, dissertations, monographs, as well as held her own observations of various competition-festivals organization. The next step is to analyze the selected literature. Author identified the degree of elect issues study, in particular, the phenomenon of the communication in competitions and festivals, its manifestations and forms etc. Author took into account her own experience in organization and holding of competitions and festivals too. As a result the paper the original classification of all observed manifestations and forms of the communication on competitions and festivals.

Cultural ecosystem services: The essence and author-developed classification

Subject. This article considers the content of the Cultural Ecosystem Services notion. Objectives. The article aims to develop an original classification of cultural ecosystem services. Methods. For the study, we used the methods of analysis, synthesis, analogy, comparison, and the dialectical, historical, and abstract-logical approaches. Results. Based on the analysis of key fundamental projects related to the development of cultural ecosystem services, and the experience of building their classifications in order to avoid duplication of functions, the article proposes an author-developed classification of cultural ecosystem services, which excludes functional duplication and takes into account the experience gained in this area.

Fiscal decentralization in Russia and the world: trends and effects

The paper identifies the state of federal and local fiscal decentralization in Russia and its effects. Original classification of decentralization indicators by a consolidated parameter indicator and a single-level parameter indicator (fiscal autonomy) is proposed. The indicator of vertical imbalance is allocated to a separate group. Despite the upward trend of fiscal decentralization in the world, Russian federal fiscal decentralization (the size of fiscal powers of regional authorities) has not increased and lags most other federations. However, the state of local decentralization (the size of fiscal powers of local authorities) is much worse, since for 2008-2018 there was a significant reduction and local revenue decentralization is minimal compared to other federations. The results obtained may indicate that fiscal decentralization could not contribute to the efficiency of the Russian budgetary system. The decrease in local decentralization may have been caused by the growth of the regional debt, but the question of why there was a decrease remains open. Favorable role of significant local fiscal powers on business and alleged existence of a threshold in decentralization-macroindicators relationship are also confirmed.

Rationale for the use of the original classification of posttraumatic acetabular deformities in primary total hip replacement

Introduction Analysis of publications on primary hip replacement shows lower survival rates in patients with acetabular injuries. With the lack of a unified system for assessing post-traumatic acetabular deformities, authors tend to use the available classifications of acute pelvic trauma (AO/ ASIF, Young & Burgess, Tile, etc.) and acetabular osteolysis (AAOS, DGOT, Gross and Saleh, Paprosky), which we think can be inappropriate with the classifying systems meant for different patterns of acetabular deficiency. Material and methods CT scans of 117 patients with posttraumatic acetabular deformities were reviewed prior to total hip replacement (THR) performed for posttraumatic grade III coxarthrosis. The displacement of acetabular walls was determined with the measurements tabulated and analyzed. Results An original "ASPID" classification of post-traumatic deformities based on the findings obtained was offered with use of three assessment criteria: localization of the deformity, extent of displacement and the integrity of the pelvic ring. The ASPID classification can be used for the localization of the deformity with anterior (A), superior (S), posterior (P) and inner acetabular walls (I) to be identified. Measurements of displacement ranging 0-5 mm suggests grade 0 displacement; 6-15 mm, grade 1 displacement and greater than 15 mm, grade 2 displacement. The integrity of the pelvic ring evaluated from the involvement side as D0 suggests maintained pelvic integrity and D1, broken pelvic integrity. An acetabular hardware would be marked with 'H'. Conclusion ASPID classification is easy to use and has shown to be practical for planning of primary THR after acetabular fracture.

Legal regulation of the supply agreement in Russia

The subject of this research is examination of the causes for the emergence of the contractual structure for the supply of goods, as well as the evolution of the development of legal regulation mechanism of the supply agreements in the Russian Empire, Soviet Union, and modern Russia. The study of the supply agreement is conducted in its relation to the purchase and sale agreement. The relevance of this research is substantiated by the importance of knowing the peculiarities of regulation of civil law framework of the supply agreement and the need for systematization of views upon the development of legal regulation mechanism of the supply agreement in different periods and political systems in Russia, thereby dividing all periods of legal regulation of the supply agreement into several stages. The author underlines the importance of comparative analysis of the purchase and sale agreement with the supply agreement throughout the entire time of their coexistence. The author systematizes the information on the development of legal regulation mechanism of the supply agreement; offers the original classification of its evolution consisting of several stages: prerevolutionary, Soviet, and modern; substantiates the formulated conclusions; analyzes the interrelation between the purchase and sale agreement and the supply agreement, as well as their role during each of the highlighted stated of evolution of the legal regulation mechanism of the supply agreement. The article also analyzes the peculiarities of the purchase and sale agreements within the framework of each period under review; determines the status of the purchase and sale agreement, and the degree of its autonomy.

Beumer Classification of Labial-alveolar-palatal Clefts: Suggestion for Complement

Orofacial clefts are a common birth defect characterized by involvement of the nasal and oral structures. Several classifications of orofacial clefts have been proposed in the aim of generalizing rational criteria allowing communication and exchange between the different practitioners. Among these classifications, the classification of Beumer has got surgical and prosthodontic interest (making an orthopedic plate).The authors propose to update this classification by modifying it and proposing a class that did not exist in the original classification. This modification seems important to us as a complement to this classification.

The Emerging Role of Epigenetics in Therapeutic Targeting of Cardiomyopathies

Cardiomyopathies (CMPs) are a heterogeneous group of myocardial diseases accountable for the majority of cases of heart failure (HF) and/or sudden cardiac death (SCD) worldwide. With the recent advances in genomics, the original classification of CMPs on the basis of morphological and functional criteria (dilated (DCM), hypertrophic (HCM), restrictive (RCM), and arrhythmogenic ventricular cardiomyopathy (AVC)) was further refined into genetic (inherited or familial) and acquired (non-inherited or secondary) forms. Despite substantial progress in the identification of novel CMP-associated genetic variations, as well as improved clinical recognition diagnoses, the functional consequences of these mutations and the exact details of the signaling pathways leading to hypertrophy, dilation, and/or contractile impairment remain elusive. To date, global research has mainly focused on the genetic factors underlying CMP pathogenesis. However, growing evidence shows that alterations in molecular mediators associated with the diagnosis of CMPs are not always correlated with genetic mutations, suggesting that additional mechanisms, such as epigenetics, may play a role in the onset or progression of CMPs. This review summarizes published findings of inherited CMPs with a specific focus on the potential role of epigenetic mechanisms in regulating these cardiac disorders.