A War to Remember (2)

As the war continued, and the death toll grew, some official poets began to engage with the conflict through greater degrees of realism. This chapter examines this aspect, and the ensuing complications in the relationship between poetry and the state, to present a nuanced, more complex portrait of the diversity of official war poetry. By drawing on other war literary traditions, such as English poetry during the First World War, this chapter aims to shed light on the ways in which the official poets of the Islamic Republic symbolized their emotional responses to war, depravation and trauma.

Nation, Race, and Religious Identity in the Early Nazi Movement

Religions ◽

10.3390/rel9100303 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 9 (10) ◽

pp. 303

Author(s):

Derek Hastings

Keyword(s):

Religious Identity ◽

First World War ◽

Political Life ◽

Religious Communities ◽

World War ◽

Catholic Faith ◽

The First World War ◽

The Relationship ◽

First World ◽

This paper examines the dissemination of radical nationalist and racist ideas among Catholics within the early Nazi movement in Munich. While the relationship between the Nazi regime and the Catholic faith was often antagonistic after 1933, a close examination of the earliest years of the Nazi movement reveals a different picture. In the immediate aftermath of the First World War and within the specific context of Munich and its overwhelmingly Catholic environs, early Nazi activists attempted to resacralize political life, synthesizing radical völkisch nationalism with reformist, “modern” conceptions of Catholic faith and identity. In so doing, they often built on ideas that circulated in Catholic circles before the First World War, particularly within the Reform Catholic movement in Munich. By examining depictions of nation and race among three important Catholic groups—reform-oriented priests, publicists, and university students—this paper strives not only to shed light on the conditions under which the Nazi movement was able to survive its tumultuous infancy, but also to offer brief broader reflections on the interplay between nationalism, racism, and religious identity. The article ultimately suggests it was specifically the malleability and conceptual imprecision of those terms that often enhanced their ability to penetrate and circulate effectively within religious communities.

The Pragmatics of Romance in the First World War' Poetry

SSRN Electronic Journal ◽

10.2139/ssrn.3483786 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Jinan Kadhim Isma'eel ◽

Rufaidah Kamal Abdulmajeed

Keyword(s):

First World War ◽

World War ◽

War Poetry ◽

The First World War ◽

The Motif of Sacrifice in the Literature and Culture of the Second World War

10.1093/oso/9780198806516.003.0011 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Mark Rawlinson

Keyword(s):

Short Stories ◽

First World War ◽

Second World War ◽

Home Front ◽

World War ◽

War Poetry ◽

Anglophone Literature ◽

The First World War ◽

Second World ◽

This chapter explores how Anglophone literature and culture envisioned and questioned an economy of sacrificial exchange, particularly its symbolic aspect, as driving the compulsions entangled in the Second World War. After considering how Elizabeth Bowen’s short stories cast light on the Home Front rhetorics of sacrifice and reconstruction, it looks at how poets Robert Graves, Keith Douglas, and Alun Lewis reflect on First World War poetry of sacrifice. With reference to René Girard’s and Carl von Clausewitz’s writings on war, I take up Elaine Cobley’s assertion about the differing valencies of the First and Second World Wars, arguing that the contrast is better seen in terms of sacrificial economy. I develop that argument with reference to examples from Second World War literature depicting sacrificial exchange (while often harking back to the First World War), including Evelyn Waugh’s Sword of Honour Trilogy (1952–61), and William Wharton’s memoir Shrapnel (2012).

Übersetzung pejorativer Personenbezeichnungen

Linguistik Online ◽

10.13092/lo.82.3718 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 82 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Anita Pavić Pintarić

Keyword(s):

Short Stories ◽

First World War ◽

German Language ◽

World War ◽

The First World War ◽

Miroslav Krleza ◽

The Relationship ◽

This paper investigates the translation of pejoratives referring to persons. The corpus is comprised of literary dialogues in the collection of short stories about the First World War by Miroslav Krleža. The dialogues describe the relationship between officers and soldiers. Soldiers are not well prepared for the war and are the trigger of officers’ anger. Therefore, the dialogues are rich with emotionally loaded outbursts resulting in swearwords. Swearwords relate to the intellect and skills of soldiers, and can be divided into absolute and relative pejoratives. Absolute pejoratives refer to the words that carry the negative meaning as the basis, whereas relative pejoratives are those that gain the negative meaning in a certain context. They derive from names of occupations and zoonyms. The analysis comprises the emotional embedment of swearwords, their metaphoric character and the strategies of translation from the Croatian into the German language.

Religion and Dictatorship in Europe

10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198834267.013.9 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 176-193

Author(s):

Richard Steigmann-Gall

Keyword(s):

Church And State ◽

First World War ◽

World War ◽

Religious Traditions ◽

Italian Fascism ◽

The First World War ◽

Institutional Relations ◽

State Relations ◽

First World ◽

This chapter explores the intersection of religion and dictatorship after the First World War. It examines the question of institutional relations between church and state, and seeks to explore how these relations shed light on the ideological relationship between religious traditions and fascism in particular. It does this by considering comparative perspectives across Europe, especially with regard to church–state relations but also in terms of politics, ideology, and culture. It goes on to explore the cases of Italian fascism and German Nazism, demonstrating how these regimes have typically been understood, as well as how they perpetuated a distinctive religious politics.

The Scottish Soldier and Scotland, 1914–1918

A Global Force ◽

10.3366/edinburgh/9781474402736.003.0004 ◽

2016 ◽

Author(s):

Hew Strachan

Keyword(s):

Military Service ◽

First World War ◽

World War ◽

War Poetry ◽

Literary Representation ◽

The First World War ◽

Local Impact ◽

Big Cities ◽

This chapter addresses Scottish military service during the First World War, showing how from having underperformed before the war, Scotland overperformed during the war’s first two years. Particularly striking was how many recruits came from agricultural backgrounds, although in absolute terms the big cities still contributed more men. As the Territorial Army (TA) was the principal Scottish route into the army, the battle of Loos in October 1915 had an enormous local impact: this was Scotland’s equivalent of the Somme. Every Scottish infantry regiment was represented, and both the 9th and 15th Scottish Divisions were TA Lowland Divisions. From Loos came the literary representation of the war, especially Ian Hay’s The First Hundred Thousand and John Buchan’s war poetry. The effect of the First World War, with Scottish infantry regiments raising twenty-plus battalions, was to disseminate those regimental identities much more widely across Scottish society. An enhanced Scottish identity was created, and it emerged in a military context. Overwhelmingly this identity was set within the context of the Union and the empire.

‘We Are the Dead’: The War Poets, metal music and chaos control

Metal Music Studies ◽

10.1386/mms_00050_1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 299-315 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Arturo Mora-Rioja

Keyword(s):

Chaos Control ◽

First World War ◽

World War ◽

War Poetry ◽

Metal Music ◽

The First World War ◽

Musical Resources ◽

Religious Establishment ◽

And Control ◽

During the course of the First World War, the generation of British authors known collectively as the War Poets revolutionized the popular culture of their time. Due to their changing attitudes towards armed conflict, their portrayal of war chaos included realist descriptions of life in the trenches, unusual choices of subject matter and an eventual challenge to the political and religious establishment of their time. Metal music, a genre with an inherent lyrical and musical concern about chaos and control, has crafted several songs inspired on the First World War poetry. This specific relationship has not been studied before. Based on Weinstein’s and Walser’s insights on chaos and control in metal music, the aim of this article is to evaluate the ability of metal music to either transmit or refute the War Poets’ discourse on chaos, and to study the textual and musical resources metal bands use to relay and control said discourse. For this purpose, I perform a comparative analysis of nine metal music adaptations and appropriations of six different First World War poems they are based on. A chronological path of the evolution of the First World War poetry is followed. The study concludes that, besides effectively transmitting or contesting the War Poets’ discourse on chaos, metal music exerts chaos control through its use of musical resources, especially in the case of extreme metal subgenres.

Rama or ahimsa? Terror or Passive Resistance? Revolutionary Methods of Hindu Students from London University and the Christian Response, 1909–17

Studies in Church History ◽

10.1017/s0424208400050233 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 51 ◽

pp. 274-284

Author(s):

Stuart Mews

Keyword(s):

First World War ◽

World War ◽

Passive Resistance ◽

Indian Student ◽

Secretary Of State ◽

The First World War ◽

First World ◽

The assassination in London on the evening of 1 July 1909 of Sir Curzon Wyllie, aide-de-camp to the Secretary of State for India, by a twenty-six-year-old Indian student named Madar Lai Dhingra stunned the nation. The background to the shooting and its consequences shed light on the attitudes of British Christians to Indian Hindus. In turn light is shed on the response of Hindus, most crucially that of the eventual leader of the successful campaign for Indian independence, Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, in the crucial decade before the First World War.

‘The Cross, naturally’: Decorations in the Belgian Army and their effect on emotions, behaviour and the self, 1914–1918

War in History ◽

10.1177/0968344517713109 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 26 (3) ◽

pp. 358-383

Author(s):

Rose Spijkerman

Keyword(s):

Self Esteem ◽

First World War ◽

The Self ◽

World War ◽

The First World War ◽

The Cross ◽

The Relationship ◽

During the First World War, many soldiers in the Belgian Army were endowed with a decoration, in order to inspire, motivate, and reward desirable conduct. The relationship between decorations and the soldier’s self-consciousness, his behaviour and his emotions, is present in every aspect of decorating, as it emphasized his self-esteem, pride, and character. By analysing the material aspects of decorations, the ceremonies surrounding their bestowal, and the textual motivation for doing so, this article explores the functions and effects of decorating, the evaluation of behaviour and self-conscious emotions by both Army Command and soldiers.

LORD CURZON AND E. G. BROWNE CONFRONT THE ‘PERSIAN QUESTION’

The Historical Journal ◽

10.1017/s0018246x09007511 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 52 (2) ◽

pp. 385-411 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

CHRISTOPHER N. B. ROSS

Keyword(s):

Expert Knowledge ◽

First World War ◽

World War ◽

High Demand ◽

The First World War ◽

George Nathaniel Curzon ◽

Nuanced Understanding ◽

The Great War ◽

The Relationship ◽

ABSTRACTAs British efforts to secure the approaches to India intensified in the closing years of the nineteenth century, expert knowledge of the states bordering the subcontinent became an increasingly sought-after commodity. Particularly high demand existed for individuals possessing first-hand experience of Qajar Persia, a state viewed by many policymakers as a vulnerable anteroom on the glacis of the Raj. Britain's two foremost Persian experts during this period were George Nathaniel Curzon and Edward Granville Browne. While Curzon epitomized the traditional gentleman amateur, Browne embodied the emerging professional scholar. Drawing on both their private papers and publications, this article analyses the relationship between these two men as well as surveys their respective views of British policy toward Iran from the late 1880s until the end of the First World War. Ultimately it contends that Curzon's knowledge of Persia proved deficient in significant ways and that Anglo-Iranian relations, at least in the aftermath of the Great War, might well have been placed on a better footing had Browne's more nuanced understanding of the country and its inhabitants prevailed within the foreign policymaking establishment.