Developmental Virtue Ethics

2021 ◽  
pp. 199-220
Author(s):  
Christine Swanton
Keyword(s):  
Virtue Ethics ◽  
Developmental Psychology ◽  
Prosocial Behaviour ◽  
Continuous Development ◽  
Object Of Study ◽  
Philosophical Contribution

Post-Kohlbergian developmental psychology has recognized the philosophical contribution of virtue ethics to the reclamation of character as an object of study in developmental psychology. In recent times there has been a realization that there has to be a corresponding development in virtue ethics. Developmental Virtue Ethics recognizes the continuous development of humans throughout their various stages of maturation and decline and conceptions of virtue are informed by such features in a thoroughly interdisciplinary way. Virtue is differentiated according to stage of life. Since development is continuous, Developmental Virtue Ethics applies to development towards maturity as much as to maturity itself. In this chapter I consider the roots of virtue in babies, prosocial behaviour and its relation to virtue, virtue in children, virtue in the mature but improving agent, and virtue in the aged.

The Philosophy of Moral Development

2007 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-86
Author(s):  
Anna Abram
Keyword(s):  
Moral Development ◽  
Virtue Ethics ◽  
Moral Psychology ◽  
Moral Philosophy ◽  
Developmental Psychology ◽  
Philosophy Of Education ◽  
Moral Failure ◽  
Personal Interaction ◽  
Interdisciplinary Study

This article presents a view of moral development based on the interdisciplinary study of moral psychology and virtue ethics. It suggests that a successful account of moral development has to go beyond what the developmental psychology and virtue ethics advocate and find ways of incorporating ideas, such as “moral failure” and “unpredictability of life.” It proposes to recognize the concept of moral development as an essential concept for ethics, moral philosophy and philosophy of education, and as a useful tool for anyone who wants to engage constructively in dialogues of religions, cultures and personal interaction.

scholarly journals O uczuciach i emocjach na poważnie (nie tylko dla nauczycieli etyki)

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-46
Author(s):  
Ewa Nowak
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Psychology ◽  
Moral Emotions ◽  
Learning Processes ◽  
Moral Issue ◽  
Emotional Expressions ◽  
Moral Norms ◽  
Mutual Respect ◽  
Teachers And Students ◽  
Schooling System

In this chapter I focus on the relevance of moral emotions in our „perception of something as moral issue” as well as „in the application of moral norms, but also in their grounding…”1. Referring to the statements of philosophy (from Aristotle to Habermas) and developmental psychology (from Piaget to Ekman) I highlight that affectivity needs to be already promoted in the early education. There is a lack of the professional emotional education in the Polish schooling system. Finally I propose a simple training for both teachers and students, in order to strength their skills of understanding facial emotional expressions of others. Mutual respect, trust, and better communicational relationships in the classroom will follow, and, last but not least, the learning processes in pupils will be facilitated too.

Jain Dharma as a Virtue Ethics for Sustainability

2021 ◽  
pp. 115-134
Keyword(s):  
Virtue Ethics ◽  
Human Behavior ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Role Models ◽  
Role Model ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Buddha

Dharma, as a virtue ethics for sustainability, has served as a role model for Jains for several millennia. In this chapter, I share examples from key Jain texts and contexts. Jains continue to derive their inspiration from Mahavira (literally, the great hero, who was the contemporary of the Buddha) and their other great teachers whom they see as role models practicing dharma to attain moksha (i.e., liberation). In their teachings, they urge their followers to practice nonviolence and renunciation. They demonstrate that penance based on such a virtue ethics leads to moksha, the ultimate goal, according to Jain philosophy. Evidently, in Jain contexts, religion, ethics, and environmentalism are intertwined with each other instead of distinctly evolved theories. My observations of the Jains support Jain texts holding that human behavior is irrevocably interwoven with environmental conditions; the deterioration of one implies and involves the other.

Introduction

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Edward Harcourt
Keyword(s):  
Virtue Ethics ◽  
Attachment Theory ◽  
Moral Psychology ◽  
Developmental Psychology ◽  
The Other ◽  
Aristotle's Ethics ◽  
The One

The chapters in this volume have mostly been selected from papers given at a workshop and three conferences which brought together on the one hand a group of philosophers, most of whom were interested in one way or another in what has come to be known as ‘virtue ethics’—moral psychology in the wake of Aristotle—and, on the other, some developmental psychologists working, albeit in different ways, in an attachment paradigm. I organized these meetings partly because my own reading of attachment theory persuaded me there were a number of exciting points of contact between developmental psychology done this way and the kinds of questions Aristotle’s ethics raises, and which interest me; partly because almost no philosophers back then seemed even to have heard of attachment theory. This Introduction presents, inevitably through the eyes of a philosopher, what I take to be attachment theory’s main claims, and then tries to identify why philosophical moral psychologists should take it much more seriously than they have done to date—as I hope this volume itself will help them to do....

Target Centred Virtue Ethics and Role Ethics

2021 ◽  
pp. 181-198
Author(s):  
Christine Swanton
Keyword(s):  
Virtue Ethics ◽  
Legal Ethics ◽  
Role Differentiation ◽  
Standard Conception ◽  
Role Ethics

The development of ‘virtue jurisprudence’ (a neo-Aristotelian virtue ethics for law) has highlighted the importance of virtue in legal ethics. Yet it has been criticized because it cannot account for “robust” role differentiation. In this chapter I argue that Target Centred Virtue Ethics can account for two features which constitute the ‘Role Dilemma’: (a) There is robust role differentiation; that is, role differentiation as conceived by the Standard Conception of law (and, e.g., business).(b) Occupiers of legal roles are not permitted to act immorally (except perhaps in “tragic” dilemmas).Virtue ethics and Standard Conceptions of law (and, e.g., business) are standardly thought to be incompatible. This may be true where virtue ethics is conceived in “orthodox” neo-Aristotelian terms. I reject this version of virtue ethics for role ethics and show that Target Centred Virtue Ethics can subscribe to both horns of the dilemma (a) and (b) above.

scholarly journals MASALAH YURIDIS TIDAK DITETAPKANNYA KUALIFIKASI DELIK DALAM KETENTUAN PIDANA PADA UNDANG-UNDANG YANG DISAHKAN DALAM KURUN WAKTU 2015-2019

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 269
Author(s):  
Ade Adhari ◽  
Anis Widyawati ◽  
Fajar Dian Aryani ◽  
Musmuliadin Musmuliadin
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Criminal Code ◽  
Strategic Position ◽  
Object Of Study ◽  
Statutory Regulation

In the 2015-2019 period, there were 20 (twenty) ratifications and promulgations of laws in which there were policies for the formulation of criminal provisions. Chapter Criminal Provisions in various laws have a strategic position so that criminal law norms can be operational properly at the level of application and execution of crimes. However, at the in abstracto level, the formulation of criminal provisions in these various laws contains juridical problems. The research method used to answer these problems is doctrinal research by conceptualizing law is statutory regulation. There is a criminal law issued in the 2015-2019 period which is the object of study. The results showed that the juridical problems found were, among others, 19 laws that did not stipulate juridical qualifications in the form of crimes or violations. The distinction between crimes and violations has a juridical consequence in the form of differentiating penalties for crimes and violations in Book I of the Criminal Code. The absence of a determination of this juridical qualification means that the general provisions in Book I of the Criminal Code Chapter I-XVIII cannot be enforced. Therefore, it is necessary to reform the criminal law towards the formulation policy by improving the formulation of criminal law norms which contain juridical issues in these various laws. Dalam kurun waktu 2015-2019 terdapat 20 (dua puluh) pengesahan dan pengundangan undang-undang yang didalamnya terdapat kebijakan formulasi ketentuan pidana. Bab Ketentuan Pidana dalam berbagai undang-undang memiliki posisi yang strategis agar norma hukum pidana dapat operasional dengan baik pada tataran aplikasi dan eksekusi pidana. Namun dalam tataran in abstracto, formulasi ketentuan pidana dalam berbagai undang-undang tersebut mengandung masalah yuridis. Metode penelitian yang digunakan untuk menjawab permasalahan tersebut adalah penelitian doktrinal dengan mengkonsepsikan hukum adalah peraturan perundang-undangan. Terdapat undang-undang pidana yang terbit pada periode 2015-2019 yang menjadi objek kajian. Hasil penelitian menunjukan masalah yuridis yang ditemukan antara lain terdapat 19 undang-undang yang tidak menetapkan kualifikasi yuridis berupa kejahatan atau pelanggaran. Pembedaan kejahatan dan pelanggaran mengandung konsekuensi yuridis berupa adanya pembedaan aturan pemidanaan bagi kejahatan dan pelanggaran yang ada dalam Buku I KUHP. Tidak adanya penetapan kualifikasi yuridis ini menyebabkan ketentuan umum dalam Buku I KUHP Bab I-XVIII tidak dapat diberlakukan. Oleh sebab itu diperlukan pembaharuan hukum pidana terhadap kebijakan formulasi tersebut dengan memperbaiki perumusan norma hukum pidana yang memuat masalah yuridis dalam berbagai undang-undang tersebut. 

The Ethical Implications of A/B and Multivariate E-Commerce Optimization Testing

2010 ◽  
pp. 91-104
Author(s):  
J. J. Sylvia
Keyword(s):  
Virtue Ethics ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Average Order ◽  
Ethical Implications ◽  
Ethical Systems ◽  
The Way

A/B and multivariate website optimization may not seem ethically problematic at first blush; however, in this chapter I will consider some of the less obvious elements that have been tested, such as header color, button design, and the style of tabs used for linking to product details. A/B and multivariate testing has shown that these seemingly insignificant changes can increase average order value and decrease abandoned shopping carts, among other results. I will consider these tests through the lens of the major ethical systems of utilitarianism, Kant’s respect for person’s principle, and virtue ethics, using specific case studies and examples of testing results. I conclude that this type of practice is likely ethically problematic in many uses, as understood through all three ethical systems. Along the way I will be careful to demonstrate how the manipulation resulting from A/B and multivariate testing is different and more problematic than that of advertising in general.

Biological Development

2013 ◽  
pp. 64-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Lickliter
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Model ◽  
Evolutionary Biology ◽  
Developmental Psychology ◽  
Life Sciences ◽  
Evolutionary Change ◽  
Developmental System ◽  
Biological Development ◽  
Epigenetic Research ◽  
Development And Evolution

The relation between genotype and phenotype was thought to be relatively straightforward for most of the last century. The majority of biologists assumed that the instructions for building organisms were present in their genes and that genes were also the exclusive means by which these instructions were transmitted from one generation to the next. As a result of these assumptions, few biologists believed that development had any relevance to evolution. In this chapter I explore what brought about this genocentric view of development and evolution and review how recent advances across the life sciences challenge these longstanding assumptions. Genes are certainly critical to all development, but it is increasingly clear that the passing on of genes cannot fully account for phenotypic outcomes or for evolutionary change. Genetic and nongenetic factors constitute a dynamic developmental system, and evidence from contemporary epigenetic research indicates that it is not biologically meaningful to discuss gene activity without reference to the molecular, cellular, organismal, and environmental context within which genes are activated and expressed. This key insight suggests the possibility of bringing together molecular, developmental, and evolutionary biology in one dynamic model of the phenotype. The implications of this effort for developmental psychology are explored.

scholarly journals Empathy as a driver of prosocial behaviour: highly conserved neurobehavioural mechanisms across species

2016 ◽  
Vol 371 (1686) ◽  
pp. 20150077 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean Decety ◽  
Inbal Ben-Ami Bartal ◽  
Florina Uzefovsky ◽  
Ariel Knafo-Noam
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Psychology ◽  
Group Living ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Prosocial Behaviour ◽  
Emotional States ◽  
Proximate Mechanisms ◽  
Genetic Mechanisms ◽  
Distress Cues ◽  
Atypical Development ◽  
Kinship Bonds

Empathy reflects the natural ability to perceive and be sensitive to the emotional states of others, coupled with a motivation to care for their well-being. It has evolved in the context of parental care for offspring, as well as within kinship bonds, to help facilitate group living. In this paper, we integrate the perspectives of evolution, animal behaviour, developmental psychology, and social and clinical neuroscience to elucidate our understanding of the proximate mechanisms underlying empathy. We focus, in particular, on processing of signals of distress and need, and their relation to prosocial behaviour. The ability to empathize, both in animals and humans, mediates prosocial behaviour when sensitivity to others' distress is paired with a drive towards their welfare. Disruption or atypical development of the neural circuits that process distress cues and integrate them with decision value leads to callous disregard for others, as is the case in psychopathy. The realization that basic forms of empathy exist in non-human animals is crucial for gaining new insights into the underlying neurobiological and genetic mechanisms of empathy, enabling translation towards therapeutic and pharmacological interventions.

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