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Shortly before his inauguration as mayor in January 1934, Fiorello La Guardia asked Pearl Bernstein, a young woman then working for the New York City League of Women Voters, to come see him. She had voted for him but never met him before. Wasting no time, he asked her straight out: “How would you like to be Secretary of the Board of Estimate and Apportionment and Director of the Budget?” This was a new position he hoped would rationalize the board’s chaotic budget procedures. “What they did,” Bernstein recalled later, “was to put some figures together and then every week they would add or subtract or multiply or divide—and nobody knew in the middle of the year how much had been spent.” The mayor chaired the board, but the borough presidents also submitted budgetary proposals, “and so it was a very unsatisfactory situation.” The League of Women Voters, where Bernstein had worked for the previous seven years monitoring municipal affairs, had advocated the city’s adoption of an executive budget prepared solely by the mayor. In the end she persuaded La Guardia to separate the two jobs he offered her, and because she knew nothing about accounting or budgets, she took the post of secretary. In January, the new board of estimate confirmed her appointment....