Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathleen Nader ◽  
Mary Beth Williams
Keyword(s):  
Social Engagement ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Complicated Grief ◽  
Reactive Attachment Disorder ◽  
Trauma Symptoms ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Treatment Needs ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Dissociative Symptoms

Developmental age and symptom variations influence treatment needs for trauma- and stressor-related disorders (TSRD). TSRD include disorders found in children age 6 and under (reactive attachment disorder, disinhibited social engagement disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder [PTSD] < 6) and those described for individuals who are older than age 6 (PTSD, PTSD with dissociative symptoms, acute stress disorder, adjustment reactions, and other specific TSRD, e.g., complicated grief). Treatments for children under age 6 primarily focus on caregiver–child dyads. Post-trauma symptoms such as those described for PTSD with dissociative symptoms, complicated grief, and complicated trauma require alterations in proven trauma-focused methods. In addition to appropriately timed processing of the trauma, treatments for youths are best when they are multifaceted (also include, for example, focus on support systems and relationships; self-skills, e.g., regulation, coping; and other age, symptom, and trait-related factors). For children, treatment methods often include creative methods as well (e.g., drawings, storytelling).

Overview of Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald W. Black
Keyword(s):  
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Posttraumatic Stress ◽  
Social Engagement ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Reactive Attachment Disorder ◽  
Adjustment Disorders ◽  
Attachment Disorder ◽  
Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder ◽  
Reactive Attachment

The chapter “Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders” is new to DSM-5 and includes two disorders that begin in childhood (reactive attachment disorder, disinhibited social engagement disorder), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), acute stress disorder, and adjustment disorders. In each condition, the individual has been exposed to a traumatic or stressful event or, in the case of the childhood conditions, early social neglect. The disorders are briefly reviewed, and interested readers are referred to reviews on PTSD and adjustment disorders.  This review contains 5 tables, and 28 references. Key words: acute stress disorder, adjustment disorder, disinhibited social engagement disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), reactive attachment disorder, stressors, trauma 

scholarly journals Collision Every Night: Treating Nightmares with Trauma-focused Methods: Case Report

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
József Szabó ◽  
Szilvia Tóth
Keyword(s):  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Psychological Trauma ◽  
Acute Stress Disorder ◽  
Symptomatic Improvement ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Comprehensive Therapy ◽  
Medicinal Treatment ◽  
Trauma Processing

Abstract Introduction We would like to present the case of a young patient with acute stress disorder and recurrent nightmares following the psychological trauma caused by a severe road traffic accident. The comprehensive therapy carried out at the Department of Traumatology included medication, trauma processing and a psychological method whose aim is to cease the development of nightmares. Case Presentation Psychiatric assessment and treatment was asked for a polytraumatised female patient at the Intensive Care Unit after she had undergone a neurosurgical intervention. Her medicinal treatment was continued at the Department of Traumatology. Besides the antidepressant venlafaxine she was treated in accordance with the EMDR protocol for acute stress disorder, and we also applied imagery rescripting to prevent her from having recurrent (daily) nightmares. As a result of the therapy, her symptoms were fast relieved, the nightmares stopped almost instantly, her mood improved, rumination and anxiety decreased significantly. Conclusions In view of the fast and significant symptomatic improvement, we can expect that the EMDR therapy and its protocol for acute stress disorder have successfully reactivated information processing, and besides the subjective relief we have managed to prevent a mental crisis that could lead to a suicide risk as well as the development of post-traumatic stress disorder. We also hope that the improvement will be long-lasting.

The narrative epidemiology of L'Aquila 2009 earthquake

2012 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Casacchia ◽  
R. Pollice ◽  
R. Roncone
Keyword(s):  
Natural Disasters ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Narrative Medicine ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Traumatic Experience ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
Surrounding Areas ◽  
Work Done

The authors describe their experience working and living in L'Aquila, where at 3.32 a.m., early in the morning of 6 April 2009, a 6.3 Richter magnitude earthquake caused serious damages to this 13th century town (with a population of 72 000 and a health district of 103 788), in the mountainous Abruzzo region and to several medieval hill villages in the surrounding areas: 309 residents were killed, over 1600 were injured, 66 000 residents were displaced, and, the centre of L'Aquila, the main historical and artistic centre of Abruzzo, was totally destroyed.Here is described the work done at the Psychiatric Unit of the General Hospital of L'Aquila and in the University. The Authors report the incidence rate of Acute Stress Disorder (ASD) in help-seekers (full ASD 4.9%, and partial ASD 39.3%), and of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) found in different samples of population (range 12–37.5). The authors express their consideration about which real-world variables can reflect the population distress and the naturalistic process of recovery in such natural disasters. After the earthquake they hypothesize that a lot of residents had found their way to recover through ‘writing, telling the story’, by analogy with what narrative medicine asserts, thus estimating the positive effect of ‘emotional disclosure’ on health. A large number of materials (books, web-blogs, videos) were produced by residents and a database of memories was implemented. The suffering and struggle to recover in the aftermaths of a traumatic experience often yields remarkable transformations and positive growth. From this point of view, the authors underline the increased virtual relationships of residents through Facebook, to cope with the loss of previous social relationships, to get information about recreational opportunities, or to get organized for public events, despite their displacement. Many collective demonstrations were organized and showed the will to actively participate to the processes of reconstruction of the civil and scientific life of the town. The authors stress the need to prevent natural disasters, instead of preventing mental disorders following natural disasters, reporting that seven Italian seismologists and scientists are on trial for manslaughter, accused to have failed to evaluate the true risks of L'Aquila earthquake.

scholarly journals Treating adults with acute stress disorder and post‐traumatic stress disorder in general practice: a clinical update

2007 ◽  
Vol 187 (2) ◽  
pp. 120-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Forbes ◽  
Mark C Creamer ◽  
Andrea J Phelps ◽  
Anne‐Laure Couineau ◽  
John A Cooper ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
General Practice ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Traumatic Stress ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Acute Stress Disorder ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Post Traumatic

scholarly journals Identifying Trajectories and Predictors of Response to Psychotherapy for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Adults: A Systematic Review of Literature

2019 ◽  
pp. 070674371987560 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle Dewar ◽  
Alison Paradis ◽  
Christophe A. Fortin
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Traumatic Stress ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Valuable Insight ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Post Traumatic

Objective: There exists considerable individual variability in the development and progression of pathological stress reactions after experiencing trauma, as well as in individuals’ response to psychological interventions. Yet until recently, such individual differences had not been considered when evaluating the efficacy of therapeutic interventions for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This systematic review aims to examine the emerging literature on this subject and, specifically, to identify trajectories and predictors of psychotherapeutic response in adults with PTSD. Method: Four databases were searched using specific keywords without date or language restrictions. For each study, independent reviewers systematically evaluated whether it met eligibility criteria and assessed risk of bias. For included studies, reviewers completed data extraction using standard formats. Those examining how subgroups of adults respond to therapy for clinical PTSD using trajectory modeling were deemed eligible. Demographic, PTSD, clinical, and trauma-related factors associated to particular trajectories were also examined. Results: Of the 1,727 papers identified, 11 were included in this analysis. Of these studies, six focused on military-related traumas and five on civilian ones. Although studies found between two and five trajectories, most supported a three-trajectory model of response categorized as responders, nonresponders, and subclinical participants. Over 22 predictors of treatment trajectories were examined. Comorbid depression, anxiety, and alcohol abuse were the strongest predictors of poor therapeutic response. Age, combat exposure, social support, and hyperarousal were moderate predictors. Conclusion: This review provides valuable insight into the treatment of PTSD, as it supports the heterogeneous trajectories of psychotherapeutic responses and provides avenues for the development of interventions that consider individual-level factors in treatment response.

scholarly journals Post-traumatic Stress Disorder in Heart Failure Patients: A Test of the Cardiac Disease-induced PTSD Hypothesis

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 290-296
Author(s):  
Phillip J. Tully ◽  
Suzanne M. Cosh
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Substance Abuse ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Traumatic Stress ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Treatment Needs ◽  
Substance Abuse Disorders ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
Axis I

Background: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is prevalent in approximately 12% of patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and such patients are at risk of further CVD morbidity and mortality. It is unknown whether CVD patients with cardiac and non-cardiac traumatic events leading to PTSD differ in medical comorbidities and psychiatric vulnerabilities. Our objective was to compare heart failure (HF) patients with cardiac and non-cardiac PTSD. Method: A population of HF patients from 3 hospitals underwent a two-step depression and anxiety screening process to identify potential mental health treatment needs. The post-traumatic stress disorder module of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis-I disorders was used to classify trauma(s) exposure, and other disorders. The patients with PTSD were sub-divided by cardiac related traumas (e.g. myocardial infarction, sudden cardiac arrest) and non-cardiac related traumas (e.g. sexual abuse, interpersonal violence). Results: 10 patients met criteria for non-cardiac trauma and 18 patients met criteria for cardiacinduced trauma. There were no significant differences in HF aetiology or severity nor cardiac comorbidities. Time since PTSD, onset was significantly longer for those with non-cardiac PTSD. Among psychiatric comorbidities, alcohol and substance abuse disorders, as well as depression were more prevalent in patients with non-cardiac PTSD. Conclusion: Cardiac related PTSD was associated with less alcohol and substance abuse disorders, and depression by comparison to their non-cardiac induced PTSD counterparts. Ongoing research is required to establish if cardiac-induced PTSD truly reflects a unique subtype of PTSD, and whether there are different treatment needs and therapeutic approaches for this subtype.

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