The Nazi Empire

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher R. Browning
Keyword(s):  
Total Mass ◽  
Third Reich ◽  
Mass Murder ◽  
The Third ◽  
Anti Semitism ◽  
The Holocaust ◽  
The Third Reich ◽  
Physically Handicapped ◽  
Slavic Populations

This articles addresses genocide in the Nazi Empire. Genocide in the Nazi Empire issued from a confluence of traditions: anti-Semitism, racism, imperialism, and eugenics. None of these was unique to Germany, but they came together in a lethal combination in Germany under Nazi rule to provide the ideological underpinnings for three clusters of genocidal projects. The first was the ‘purification’ of the German race through the mass murder of the mentally and physically handicapped within the Third Reich and the expulsion and mass murder of ‘Gypsies’ from the Third Reich. The second was a demographic revolution or ethnic restructuring within the lands deemed to be Germany's future Lebensraum through the decimation, denationalization, and expulsion of the predominately Slavic populations living there. The third was the systematic and total mass murder of every Jew — the Holocaust.

Hitler, for Example: Registers of National Socialist Exemplarity in Contemporary Germany

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-29
Author(s):  
Nitzan Shoshan
Keyword(s):  
National Socialism ◽  
Third Reich ◽  
Moral Values ◽  
Moral Life ◽  
Far Right ◽  
National Socialist ◽  
Moral Exemplars ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Holocaust ◽  
The Third Reich

Abstract This article examines whether and how the figure of Adolf Hitler in particular, and National Socialism more generally, operate as moral exemplars in today’s Germany. In conversation with similar studies about Mosely in England, Franco in Spain, and Mussolini in Italy, it seeks to advance our comparative understanding of neofascism in Europe and beyond. In Germany, legal and discursive constraints limit what can be said about the Third Reich period, while even far-right nationalists often condemn Hitler, for either the Holocaust or his military failure. Here I revise the concept of moral exemplarity as elaborated by Caroline Humphry to argue that Hitler and National Socialism do nevertheless work as contemporary exemplars, in at least three fashions: negativity, substitution, and extension. First, they stand as the most extreme markers of negative exemplarity for broad publics that understand them as illustrations of absolute moral depravity. Second, while Hitler himself is widely unpopular, Führer-substitutes such as Rudolf Hess provide alternative figures that German nationalists admire and seek to emulate. Finally, by extension to the realm of the ordinary, National Socialism introduces a cast of exemplars in the figures of loving grandfathers or anonymous fallen soldiers. The moral values for which they stand, I show, appear to be particularly significant for young nationalists. An extended, more open-ended notion of exemplarity, I conclude, can offer important insights about the lingering afterlife of fascist figures in the moral life of European nationalists today.

Holocaust Film before the Holocaust: DEFA, Antifascism and the Camps

2008 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-134
Author(s):  
David Bathrick
Keyword(s):  
Subject Matter ◽  
Cultural Landscape ◽  
Third Reich ◽  
The Third ◽  
Feature Films ◽  
The Holocaust ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Third Reich ◽  
Holocaust Film ◽  
Diary Of Anne Frank

AbstractThe period prior to the 1970s has frequently been portrayed internationally as one of public disavowal of the Jewish catastrophe politically and cinematically and as one in which there was a dearth of filmic representations of the Holocaust. In addition to the Hollywood productionsThe Diary of Anne Frank(1960), Stanley Kramer’sJudgment at Nuremberg(1961) and Sidney Lumet’sThe Pawnbroker(1965), one often spoke of just a few East and West European films emerging within a political and cultural landscape that was viewed by many as unable or unwilling to address the subject. This article takes issue with these assumptions by focusing on feature films made by DEFA between 1946 and 1963 in East Berlin’s Soviet Zone and in East Germany which had as their subject matter the persecution of Jews during the Third Reich.

Social Psychology

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
George R. Mastroianni
Keyword(s):  
Social Psychology ◽  
Social Cognition ◽  
Third Reich ◽  
Social Psychological ◽  
The Third ◽  
Implicit Biases ◽  
The Holocaust ◽  
The Third Reich ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Critical Literature

Chapter 9 examines social-psychological approaches to understanding the Holocaust. Since Stanley Milgram’s obedience experiments were published in the early 1960s, social-psychological formulations based on obedience and social influence have dominated the psychology of the Holocaust. There is also a significant critical literature that challenges some of the findings and interpretation of Milgram and Phillip Zimbardo as they apply to the Holocaust. Social cognition is the study of thinking as situated in a social milieu and offers a fruitful framework for considering the ways Germans thought about one another during the Third Reich. Modern approaches to prejudice and racism, especially the study of unconscious or implicit biases, may provide insight into anti-Semitic attitudes prevalent in Germany (and elsewhere) during the Nazi years.

Between Strategy and Mass Murder: The Third Reich at War

1985 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 311
Author(s):  
Peter Paret ◽  
Militargeschichtliche Forschungsamt
Keyword(s):  
Third Reich ◽  
Mass Murder ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Third Reich

scholarly journals Diagnoses That Matter: My Great-Grandmother's Murder as One Deemed 'Unworthy of Living' and Its Impact on Our Family

2017 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Hechler ◽  
Elizabeth C. Hamilton ◽  
Leo R. Kalkbrenner
Keyword(s):  
English Translation ◽  
Third Reich ◽  
Historical Record ◽  
Disabled People ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Holocaust ◽  
The Third Reich

This is an English translation of an article originally published in German on the T4 "euthanasia" program targeting disabled people during the Third Reich. The essay examines the contours of ableism in Germany that have allowed these killings to remain unreported and uncommemorated. The author focuses on the murder of his great-grandmother and its effects on four generations of his family. This essay provides a vital historical record as well as a model for reflecting upon and understanding the legacy of the Holocaust and the persistence of ableism.The original German essay was previously published in a series called Gegendiagnose. Beiträge zur radikalen Kritik an Psychologie und Psychiatrie. Psycho_Gesundheitspolitik im Kapitalismus. Vol. 1. Münster: edition-assemblage. August 2015. 

The Three Horseman of the Holocaust: Anti-Semitism, East European Empire, Aryan Folk Community

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
William W. Hagen
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual History ◽  
Third Reich ◽  
Mass Murder ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
East European ◽  
Anti Semitism ◽  
The Holocaust ◽  
Conscious Choice ◽  
History Of ◽  
Anti Jewish

This article traces the three main issues which dominated Hitler's regime in Germany during the Holocaust. Two interpretive traditions have, since Hitler's day, commanded scholarly efforts to understand the Holocaust. One emphasizes ideas, recounting the intellectual history of anti-Semitism and the aims and political actions of those gripped by its poisoned talons. Paired with this approach is the conviction that history is made by human beings' conscious choice: beliefs inspire purposive behaviour seeking their realization. Historical actors are aware of their actions and responsible for them. In Holocaust historiography, this widespread understanding of history and human behaviour has yielded the ‘intentionalist’ argument. This holds that anti-Semitic ideology of a uniquely aggressive type flourished in late nineteenth-and early twentieth-century Germany; and the anti-Jewish policies (Judenpolitik) of Hitler's ‘Third Reich’ led, if perhaps by a ‘twisted path’, to a mass murder which the Nazis' anti-Semitic ideas, and the dictator Hitler's in particular, authorized and even commanded.

Drinking Rituals, Masculinity, and Mass Murder in Nazi Germany

2018 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 367-389
Author(s):  
Edward B. Westermann
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Violence ◽  
Third Reich ◽  
Mass Murder ◽  
Nazi Germany ◽  
Mass Killing ◽  
The Third ◽  
Killing Fields ◽  
The Third Reich ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractDuring the Third Reich, alcohol served as both a literal and metaphorical lubricant for acts of violence and atrocity by the men of theSturmabteilung(SA), theSchutzstaffel(SS), and the police. Scholars have extensively documented its use and abuse on the part of the perpetrators. For the SA, the SS, and the police, the consumption of alcohol was part of a ritual that not only bound the perpetrators together, but also became a facilitator of acts of “performative masculinity”—a type of masculinity expressly linked to physical or sexual violence. In many respects, the relationship among alcohol, masculinity, sex, and violence permeated all aspects of the Nazi killing process in the camps, the ghettos, and the killing fields. After the outbreak of war in September 1939, such practices were increasingly radicalized, with drinking and celebratory rituals becoming key elements for these closed male communities of perpetrators, who used them to prepare for acts of mass killing and, ultimately, genocide.

Nazism and the Third Reich in Recent HistoriographyMichael N. Dobkowski and Isidor Wallimann, eds., Towards the Holocaust: The Social and Economic Collapse of the Weimar Republic, Westport and London: Greenwood Press, 1983, 422 pp., cloth.Thomas Childers, The Nazi Voter: The Social Foundations of Fascism in Germany, 1919-1933, Chapel Hill and London: The University of North Carolina Press, 1983, xiv, 367 pp., cloth.Lawrence D. Stokes, ed., Kleinstadt und Nationalsozialismus: Ausgewählte Dokumente zur Geschichte von Eutin 1918-1945, Neumünster: Karl Wachholtz Verlag, 1984, 1032 pp., cloth.The Third Reich, 1933-1939: A Historical Bibliography, Santa Barbara: ABC-Clio Information Services, 1984, xii, 239 pp., cloth.Ian Kershaw, Popular Opinion and Political Dissent in the Third Reich: Bavaria 1933-1945, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1983, xv, 425 pp., cloth.Hartmut Mehringer et. al., Die Parteien KPD, SPD, BVP in Verfolgung und Widerstand (=Bayern in der NS-Zeit V), Munich and Vienna: R. Oldenbourg Verlag, xvi, 677 pp.Elke Fröhlich, Die Herausforderung des Einzelnen: Geschichten über Widerstand und Verfolgung (=Bayern in der NS-Zeit VI), Munich and Vienna: R. Oldenbourg Verlag, 262 pp.

1985 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-101
Author(s):  
Michael H. Kater
Keyword(s):  
Third Reich ◽  
Political Dissent ◽  
Social Foundations ◽  
The Third ◽  
Chapel Hill ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Holocaust ◽  
Economic Collapse ◽  
The Third Reich ◽  
The University
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