Foundations for an Arab/MENA Psychology

Arab/Middle Eastern and North African (MENA) American psychology is a field rooted in ethnic studies and multicultural psychology. Although its study is relatively nascent in U.S. psychology, it has slowly been growing since the 1990s. The events of 9/11 resulted in an increase in psychological research on the Arab/MENA population in the United States, providing empirical evidence to inform the historical and social foundations for an Arab/MENA psychology. This article seeks to identify key elements and factors present in an Arab/MENA psychology focusing on issues of identity and recognition, discrimination, cumulative racial-ethnic trauma, acculturation, and cultural values, such as hospitality and generosity, morality, family centricity, honor and shame, religiosity, and communication style.

The Social Foundations of Normative Judgment

<p>Norms suffuse our lives and are a major part of the way that we understand and structure the social world. This thesis provides an account of normative judgment that illuminates the nature of this uniquely human competence. The main argument pursued is that understanding normative judgment requires a direct and sustained understanding of its social functions. Within philosophy, discussion of normativity has often been confined to the moral domain. One major theme of this thesis is the broadening of this focus to include other domains that are rightfully considered normative. Another philosophical shibboleth is the tendency to explain features of human psychology from a conceptual perspective. A second theme of the thesis will be the insistence that empirical research is a useful addition to the project of understanding normativity. I present these ideas in three stages. First, I show why it is plausible to believe in the unity of normative domains and defend a conceptual thesis of Normative Judgment Internalism that sees norms as fundamentally bound up with reasons. Secondly, I outline a puzzle that any theory of normative judgment must answer and then critique orthodox Humean and anti-Humean theories that fail to provide such a solution. Thirdly, I explore empirical research about the nature of normative judgment and tentatively endorse a model of normative cognition that is informed by my earlier arguments.</p>

The Social Foundations of Normative Judgment

<p>Norms suffuse our lives and are a major part of the way that we understand and structure the social world. This thesis provides an account of normative judgment that illuminates the nature of this uniquely human competence. The main argument pursued is that understanding normative judgment requires a direct and sustained understanding of its social functions. Within philosophy, discussion of normativity has often been confined to the moral domain. One major theme of this thesis is the broadening of this focus to include other domains that are rightfully considered normative. Another philosophical shibboleth is the tendency to explain features of human psychology from a conceptual perspective. A second theme of the thesis will be the insistence that empirical research is a useful addition to the project of understanding normativity. I present these ideas in three stages. First, I show why it is plausible to believe in the unity of normative domains and defend a conceptual thesis of Normative Judgment Internalism that sees norms as fundamentally bound up with reasons. Secondly, I outline a puzzle that any theory of normative judgment must answer and then critique orthodox Humean and anti-Humean theories that fail to provide such a solution. Thirdly, I explore empirical research about the nature of normative judgment and tentatively endorse a model of normative cognition that is informed by my earlier arguments.</p>

Supply Chains’ Failure in Workers’ Rights with Regards to the SDG Compass: A Doughnut Theory Perspective

Many supply chains have pledged to prevent the violation of workers’ rights as part of social sustainability in their far-flung supply chains. This paper provides a way to understand why supply chains fail to overcome the violation of workers’ rights by mapping the UN SDGs onto the social foundations of the doughnut model, with respect to workers’ rights in supply chains. We develop the sustainable supply chain doughnut model with regards to the SDGs, through which we investigate workers’ rights violations. Examples from both UK-based and world-wide supply chains illustrates our conceptual model. Supply chains have shortfalls in all aspects of the social foundation when it comes to workers as one of their main stakeholders. Until supply chains are successful in overcoming shortfalls across all elements of the social foundation, moving to the next layer of the doughnut framework is impossible, which is the safe and just space for all humans, including workers. This ‘safe and just space’ seems out of reach despite international efforts such as the SDGs. The resulting conceptual model can be the foundation for descriptive, instrumental, and normative research on workers’ rights in the supply chain as part of the social sustainability.

EARLY MARRIAGE IN WOMEN WITH CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES

A human adventure that lasted for millions of years began with something that may be very simple, but can be considered a miracle, a birth, that is, the reproduction of a human generation. This beginning also marked the beginning of the cultural and civilized run of mankind. Every society that acts with this voice has over time led to a relentless cold struggle, an effort to always be ahead. In the path taken, almost every human invention brought new rules and rules, as well as an arrangement was introduced at the beginning, that is, to the first stage of the relationship between men and women, and the Union in question is now referred to as marriage. The institution of marriage has come to the modern circuit today, passing through various meanings and practices for different societies. But some of the practices of marriage, which are still at an ‘early age’ that have not ended even in this era, have not yet breathed their last breath. Moreover, this lack of breath leads to the fact that men, families and societies with traditional values do not hear other correct and modern voices, and most often the voices of women are lowered. The situation is also valid for Turkish society. In Turkey, the phenomenon of early marriage is a problem of considerable value. In this study, the problem in question was put on the table. The different social foundations and grounds of early marriage constitute the backbone of this review. In other words, all the theoretical information obtained throughout the review and the comments brought to them coincide with various expansions of the important and serious dimensions of the phenomenon of “early marriage”. The subject of this research consists of the sum of the answers to questions such as “what is an early marriage”, “how can it be ended” and “what can be done for it”.”

Fulfillment of the Rights of Children with Disabilities through the Involvement of Civil Society Organizations, Case of Yayasan Sayap Ibu

The rights of children with disabilities are still an unfinished discourse. In the big cities and remotes areas in Indonesia, sometimes we can hear cases of neglecting children with disabilities. The Indonesian government carries out various programs to eradicate cases of child neglect; one of the efforts taken is to permit social foundations that have special orphanages for children with disabilities to implement a legal adoption system. The question that then arises is, is the system sufficient to fulfill the rights of children with disabilities as mandated by Law No. 23 of 2002 on Child Protection? What components of rights were then successfully fulfilled through this adoption system, and what are the next steps for the government. This study seeks to provide an overview of how the adoption system fulfills children's rights with disabilities. This study using a qualitative method with a case study approach, the study's results photograph the reality experienced by foster children through the adoption system. The study results show that several main components as part of children's rights: the right to life, the right to grow without discrimination, the right to express opinions, and the right to get the best. Thus, from the results of this study, further research is needed to examine how the adoption system can be applied more effectively to reach the fulfillment of the rights of children with disabilities more optimally.Keywords Rights of children with disabilities, adoption system, social foundations for children with disabilities AbstrakHak anak disabilitas masih menjadi wacana yang belum selesai. Kasus penelataran anak disabilitas masih terdengar baik di kota besar maupun di pelosok daerah di Indonesia. Pemerintah Indonesia melaksanakan beragam program untuk mengentaskan kasus penelantaran anak, salah satu upaya yang di tempuh adalah dengan memberikan ijin bagi yayasan sosial yang memiliki panti asuhan khusus anak disabilitas untuk menerapkan sistem adopsi secara legal. Pertanyaan yang kemudian timbul adalah, apakah sistem tersebut cukup untuk memenuhi hak anak disabilitas sebagaimana diamatkan oleh Undang-undang no 23 tahun 2002 tentang Perlindungan Anak? komponen hak apa sajakah yang kemudian berhasil dipenuhi melalui sistem adopsi ini dan bagaimana langkah pemerintah selanjutnya. Penelitian ini berusaha untuk memberikan gambaran mengenai bagaimana sistem adopsi memenuhi hak anak disabilitas. Menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan studi kasus, hasil penelitian memotret realitas yang di alami oleh anak asuh melalui sistem adopsi tersebut. Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan beberapa komponen utama yang terpenuhi sebagai bagian dari hak anak, yaitu: hak hidup, hak tumbuh tanpa diskriminasi, hak menyampaikan pendapat, dan hak memperoleh yang terbaik. Dengan demikian, dari hasil penelitian ini dibutuhkan penelitian lanjutan untuk menelaah bagaimana sistem adopsi dapat diterapkan lebih efektif untuk menjangkau peneuhan hak anak disabilitas dengan lebih optimal. Kata kunci : hak anak disabilitas, sistem adopsi, yayasan anak disabilitas

All affordance are social: foundations of a Gibsonian social ontology

Ecological psychology is built on a perception-oriented ontology. The primary focus has been on explaining the perception and action behavior of individual animals. To accommodate social phenomena within the ecological approach, it is necessary to expand the ontology, however theorists have been unclear about how to do this. The paper presents a negative argument and a positive programmatic outline. The negative argument is against the use of the term ‘social affordance’, a term that confuses the perspective of the researcher with that of the animal. Instead, it is advocated that we adopt, as a working hypothesis, the claim that all affordances are social; that is, all affordances are public and are, in principle, observable by a third party. The programmatic outline then shows that affordances alone are insufficient for describing social meaning. An ecological social ontology requires new tools for describing interaction processes, symbolic meaning, and material culture as structures occurring within the populated environment.

Ideology: The Psychological and Social Foundations of Belief Systems

Defining ideology as a system of functionally inter-connected political attitudes and beliefs, we review evidence concerning (1) the nature and origins of ideology in mass publics and (2) the social and interpersonal nature of the motives underlying ideological coherence. One key conclusion that we draw is that the links between psychological attributes and subsets of ideological attitudes sometimes appear to be organic and functional but other times appear to be conditional on how the relevant attitudes are packaged with other attitudes into socially constructed ideologies. A second key conclusion is that the social motives that induce citizens to pull diverse attitudes into ideological alignment may also, in polarized contexts, induce people to adopt non-political identities and self-perceptions that are congruent with ideological stereotypes. We recommend a focus on the implications of these processes for polarization and democratic stability.

Blended Preparation in Early Childhood and Early Intervention/Early Childhood Special Education: Reflecting on the Past, Paving a Path Forward

The movement toward collaborative models of preservice early childhood preparation, those that attempt to “blend” preparation for both early childhood education (ECE) and early intervention/early childhood special education (EI/ECSE), is entering its fourth decade. This position paper presents a historical analysis of the blended movement through a conceptual framework based on a social foundations perspective that highlights how sociopolitical and foundational influences have affected blended preparation over time. Although blended models were first explored as a means to reconceptualize early childhood preservice preparation for inclusion, the recommendations shared in this article center on the need to reconceptualize blended preparation itself. A call to action is proposed for the development of a robust research agenda and the strategic coordination of advocacy to ensure current and future blended preparation meets the needs of the increasingly diverse contexts, roles, and responsibilities of ECE and EI/ECSE practitioners.