scholarly journals Third-Factor Explanations and Universal Grammar

2016 ◽  
pp. 113-128
Author(s):  
Terje Lohndal ◽  
Juan Uriagereka
Keyword(s):  
Computational Efficiency ◽  
Universal Grammar ◽  
Comparative Biology ◽  
Complex Task ◽  
The Third ◽  
Stephen Jay Gould ◽  
Genetic Endowment

This chapter discusses factors determining the structure of an I-language: genetic endowment, input/exposure to language, and principles not specific to language. The latter have become known as ‘third factors,’ which are argued to be principles that contribute to shaping the structure of grammars but that are not specific to language. Computational efficiency is one example of such a principle that has been suggested. In this chapter, the historical roots of the third factor perspective is traced and discussed. The third factor perspective in linguistics is also compared to a similar perspective in comparative biology outlined by the late Stephen Jay Gould. After a review of a few examples of what plausible third factors may be, the chapter ends with a discussion of the complex task of determining whether a given linguistic condition may be a third factor.

Three Factors in Language Design

2005 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noam Chomsky
Keyword(s):  
Computational Efficiency ◽  
Universal Grammar ◽  
The Body ◽  
Language Design ◽  
Cognitive Systems ◽  
Independent Research ◽  
Language Faculty ◽  
The Third ◽  
Genetic Endowment ◽  
Principled Explanation

The biolinguistic perspective regards the language faculty as an “organ of the body,” along with other cognitive systems. Adopting it, we expect to find three factors that interact to determine (I-) languages attained: genetic endowment (the topic of Universal Grammar), experience, and principles that are language- or even organism-independent. Research has naturally focused on I-languages and UG, the problems of descriptive and explanatory adequacy. The Principles-and-Parameters approach opened the possibility for serious investigation of the third factor, and the attempt to account for properties of language in terms of general considerations of computational efficiency, eliminating some of the technology postulated as specific to language and providing more principled explanation of linguistic phenomena

ODACE SLA

2010 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaouthar Fakhfakh ◽  
Tarak Chaari ◽  
Said Tazi ◽  
Mohamed Jmaiel ◽  
Khalil Drira
Keyword(s):  
Service Providers ◽  
Service Level Agreement ◽  
Service Level ◽  
Second Step ◽  
Technical Knowledge ◽  
Complex Task ◽  
Semantic Matching ◽  
The Third ◽  
Draft Version ◽  
Fourth Step

The establishment of Service Level Agreements between service providers and clients remains a complex task regarding the uninterrupted growth of the IT market. In fact, it is important to ensure a clear and fair establishment of these SLAs especially when providers and clients do not share the same technical knowledge. To address this problem, the authors started modeling client intentions and provider offers using ontologies. These models helped them in establishing and implementing a complete semantic matching approach containing four main steps. The first step consists of generating correspondences between the client and the provider terms by assigning certainties for their equivalence. The second step corrects and refines these certainties. In the third step, the authors evaluate the matching results using inference rules, and in the fourth step, a draft version of a Service Level Agreement is automatically generated in case of compatibility.

scholarly journals On Some Efficient Techniques for Solving Systems of Nonlinear Equations

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janak Raj Sharma ◽  
Puneet Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Nonlinear Equations ◽  
Computational Efficiency ◽  
Newton Iteration ◽  
Systems Of Nonlinear Equations ◽  
Order Method ◽  
Third Order ◽  
Newton Step ◽  
The Third ◽  
Large Systems ◽  
Theoretical Results

We present iterative methods of convergence order three, five, and six for solving systems of nonlinear equations. Third-order method is composed of two steps, namely, Newton iteration as the first step and weighted-Newton iteration as the second step. Fifth and sixth-order methods are composed of three steps of which the first two steps are same as that of the third-order method whereas the third is again a weighted-Newton step. Computational efficiency in its general form is discussed and a comparison between the efficiencies of proposed techniques with existing ones is made. The performance is tested through numerical examples. Moreover, theoretical results concerning order of convergence and computational efficiency are verified in the examples. It is shown that the present methods have an edge over similar existing methods, particularly when applied to large systems of equations.

scholarly journals Developing phonological awareness: Is there a bilingual advantage?

2003 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
ELLEN BIALYSTOK ◽  
SHILPI MAJUMDER ◽  
MICHELLE M. MARTIN
Keyword(s):  
Phonological Awareness ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Bilingual Children ◽  
Complex Task ◽  
Phoneme Segmentation ◽  
Bilingual Advantage ◽  
The Third ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
Segmentation Task ◽  
Better Than

Three studies are reported that examine the development of phonological awareness in monolingual and bilingual children between kindergarten and Grade 2. In the first study, monolingual and bilingual children performed equally well on a complex task requiring phoneme substitution. The second study replicated these results and demonstrated a significant role for the language of literacy instruction. The third study extended the research by including two groups of bilingual children and a range of phonological awareness and reading tasks. Spanish–English bilinguals performed better than English-speaking monolinguals on a phoneme segmentation task, but Chinese–English bilinguals performed worse. Other measures of phonological awareness did not differ among the three groups. The results are discussed in terms of a limit on the effect that bilingualism exerts on metalinguistic development.

scholarly journals Cryptanalysis of Mono-Alphabetic Substitution Ciphers using Genetic Algorithms and Simulated Annealing

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shalini Jain ◽  
Nalin Chhibber ◽  
Sweta Kandi
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Algorithms ◽  
Simulated Annealing ◽  
Computational Efficiency ◽  
Solution Space ◽  
The Third ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Language Text ◽  
Substitution Cipher

In this paper, we intend to apply the principles of genetic algorithms along with simulated annealing to cryptanalyze a mono-alphabetic substitution cipher. The type of attack used for cryptanalysis is a ciphertext-only attack in which we don’t know any plaintext. In genetic algorithms and simulated annealing, for ciphertext-only attack, we need to have the solution space or any method to match the decrypted text to the language text. However, the challenge is to implement the project while maintaining computational efficiency and a high degree of security. We carry out three attacks, the first of which uses genetic algorithms alone, the second which uses simulated annealing alone and the third which uses a combination of genetic algorithms and simulated annealing.

On Universal Grammar and its Formalization

1998 ◽  
pp. 153-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Urszula Wybraniec-Skardowska ◽  
Andrzej K. Rogalski
Keyword(s):  
Universal Grammar ◽  
Categorial Grammar ◽  
Abstract Objects ◽  
Ontological Status ◽  
The Third ◽  
Semantic Concepts ◽  
Theoretical Issues ◽  
General Semantic ◽  
Logical Perspective

This paper sketches or signals some ideas, results, and proposals connected with the theoretical issues related to the categorial approach to language which originated from the first author (1985, 1989, 1991, 1998) and which form the basis for further research by the second author. The main aims are the following: 1) to bring into common use some Polish ideas concerned with classical categorial grammar; 2) to take into consideration a universal and simultaneously formal-logical perspective; 3) to consider Peirce's well-known differentiation of linguistic objects, i.e. their twofold ontological status as tokens (concretes) and types (abstract objects) and, according to this, to consider the biaspectual formalization of language dealing with the two main orientations in the controversy between nominalism and Platonism; 4) to characterize language according to Frege's ontological canons, according to which each expression of language corresponds to its denotation. All of these factors make possible not only the syntactic characterization of language but also the introduction of syntactic and semantic definitions of a true expression and its denotation. These notions correspond here to the old classical, but not necessarily standard, understanding of semantic concepts. The paper is divided into four sections: the first contains a brief characterization of the categorial approach to syntax; the second presents two strains of this approach; the third touches on certain general semantic issues connected with the notion of truth; and the last gives some final remarks.

scholarly journals Desvendando o sentido

DoisPontos ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
José Arthur Giannotti
Keyword(s):  
Universal Grammar ◽  
Formal Logic ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Way

A terceira Crítica configura um papel inédito para a reflexão: a conformação da natureza em gêneros e espécies aparece como pressuposto de uma forma de pensar que é vaga na medida em que empresta sentido a modos particulares de finalidade. No entanto, como esse sentido vai ser pensado depende de uma leitura da lógica formal, quer porque fica subordinada a uma gramática universal, no caso de Husserl, quer porque se dissolve ela mesma numa linguagem, como em Wittgenstein. Unveiling the meaning Abstract The third Critique constitutes a new role for reflection: the conformation of nature in genres and species is taken as the assumption of a form of thinking which is vague in so far as it gives sense to particular manners of finality. However, the way that this sense is to be considered depends upon an interpretation of formal logic, either because it is subordinated to a universal grammar, in Husserl's case, or because it dissolves itself in a language, as it is in Wittgenstein's.

A refutation of “a refutation of universal grammar”(Lin, f. 2017. Lingua 193. 1–22.)

2020 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 169-205
Author(s):  
Tong Wu
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Universal Grammar ◽  
Careful Consideration ◽  
Theoretical Construct ◽  
Fourth Section ◽  
The Third ◽  
Fundamental Misunderstanding ◽  
Point To Point

AbstractLin (2017), according to the author, “offers a refutation of Chomsky’s Universal Grammar (UG) from a novel perspective”. Unfortunately, “novel” does not mean logical or valid. On the contrary, as I will show in this refutation of Lin’s refutation, there is a profound and fundamental misunderstanding in Lin’s interpretation of UG. His refutation only proves his superficial understanding of the questions raised and discussed, which nevertheless are worth discussing and explaining. I take each of Lin’s arguments in turn and attempt to show why they are not well founded, either because of flaws in his argumentation or because of a careful consideration of the available empirical evidence. In the first section I show that Lin’s refutation of UG is illogical in that he confuses UG as a theoretical construct and as a reality entity, which renders his own analysis self-contradictory. The second section aims to examine in detail the so-called novelty of Lin’s refutation, proving that his refutation is unscientific. The third section offers a point-to-point refutation of his arguments presented in the third section of his paper. The fourth section furthermore points out several misunderstandings of previous studies against Chomsky and UG. The last section concludes the paper.

Grasses: Systematics and Evolution

2000 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
International Symposium ◽  
Comparative Biology ◽  
The Third ◽  
The World ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Sydney Australia

Grasses: Systematics and Evolution is a selection of the very best papers from the Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Grass Systematics and Evolution held in Sydney, Australia in 1998. The papers represent some of the leading work from around the world on grasses and include reviews and current research into the comparative biology and classification. All 41 papers have been peer-reviewed and edited.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document