An Assessment of methods and techniques used in Forensic Linguistics

The following paper aimed to evaluate the techniques and methods adopted in forensic linguistics. The paper is divided to 5 sections the first section discussed a brief background of the topic while the second chapter aimed to review literature from previous studies. The third section depicted the methods and techniques incorporated in carrying out this research. The fourth section analysed the data gathered for this paper while the last section concluded the paper. It is seen in this research that Courtroom speech, courtroom translation and interpretation, comprehensibility of texts and legal documents, including police cautions issued to offenders or suspects, and the use of linguistic evidence in court procedures are all part of forensic linguistics.

Historical Injustice in Immigration Policy

The history of immigration policy is marked by the wrongful and discriminatory exclusion of certain groups of people. In this article, I argue that descendants of those who were wrongfully excluded have a pro tanto right to immigrate to the state in question as reparation. I begin by identifying the two main approaches theorists generally take to establish a claim for reparation: the inheritance approach and the counterfactual approach. In the first section, I argue that the inheritance approach does not offer a promising argument for reparations for descendants of those who were wrongfully excluded. In the second section, I argue that the counterfactual approach, by contrast, does. In the third section, I respond to the objection that this prima facie claim for reparation can be undermined by current circumstances. In the fourth section, I show why this reparation should be offered in the form of immigration rights.

Infomapa da mineração: Cartografias e convergências temáticas

O Infomapa da Mineração: Cartografias e convergências temáticas é um esforço de sistematização de temas relevantes que compõem a questão mineral brasileira. O objetivo deste material é popularizar alguns ele­mentos que constituem a geografia da mineração no país e ampliar o debate público a partir de uma linguagem acessível que possibilite uma visão de conjunto sobre as dinâmicas da atividade mineral no Brasil. O material está dividido em quatro seções. A primeira seção apresenta a evolução dos processos minerários em todo território nacional em quatro recortes temporais. A segunda seção mostra a distri­buição das barragens de mineração segundo o dano potencial associado. A terceira seção traz a distribui­ção das minas ativas a céu aberto e as localidades com garimpo ilegal. E a quarta seção representa a densidade de conflitos no campo envolvendo a mineração. Palavras-chave: Mineração; cartografia; Brasil; conflitos. Abstract The Mining Infomap: cartographies and thematic convergences is an effort to systematize relevant subjects that make up the Brazilian mineral issue. The aim of this material is to popularize some elements that constitute the geography of mining in the country, and to broaden the public debate based on an accessible language that allows an overall view of the dynamics of mineral activity in Brazil. The material is divided into four sections. The first section presents the evolution of mining processes throughout the country in four time periods. The second section shows the distribution of mining dams according to their associated potential damage. The third section shows the distribution of active open-pit mines and the locations of illegal mining. And the fourth section represents the density of conflicts in the countryside involving mining. Keywords: Mining; cartography; Brazil; conflicts. Infomapa de la minería: Cartografías y convergencias temáticas Resumen El Infomapa de la Minería: cartografías y convergencias temáticas es un esfuerzo por sistematizar temas relevantes que componen el tema mineral brasileño. El objetivo de este material es popularizar algunos elementos que constituyen la geografía de la minería en el país y ampliar el debate público a partir de un lenguaje accesible que permita una visión global de la dinámica de la actividad minera en Brasil. El material se divide en cuatro secciones. La primera sección presenta la evolución de los procesos mineros en todo el territorio nacional en cuatro períodos de tiempo. La segunda sección muestra la distribución de las presas mineras según el daño potencial asociado. La tercera sección presenta la distribución de minas a cielo abierto activas y los lugares con minería ilegal. Y la cuarta sección representa la densidad de los conflictos rurales relacionados con la minería. Palabras clave: Minería; cartografía; Brasil; conflictos.

Ethnographies of Organized Crime

This chapter discusses how the ethnographic method has been used to study organized crime (OC). The first part defines OC, the mafia, and ethnography. The second section reviews early field studies, and the third focuses on the seminal contribution by W.F. Whyte, Street Corner Society (1943/1993). Whyte has set the model for subsequent ethnographies of OC and the mafia as involving (1) extensive periods in the field, (2) a project that is independent of authorities, (3) developing an intimate knowledge of the place or an organization, (4) the observation of interactions, and (5) a concern for the validity and the reliability of the data collected, including the impact of the ethnographer’s position on the information gathered. The fourth section offers a selective review of subsequent ethnographies of OC which are compared and contrasted with Street Corner Society. The final section discusses risk, the use of official data, the issue of anonymity, “rapid ethnographies,” and the limitations of fieldwork.

The Impact of Meta-Induction: From Skepticism to Optimality

In the first section, five major attempts to solve the problem of induction and their failures are discussed. In the second section, an account of meta-induction is introduced. It offers a novel solution to the problem of induction, based on mathematical theorems about the predictive optimality of attractivity-weighted meta-induction. In the third section, how the a priori justification of meta-induction provides a non-circular a posteriori justification of object-induction, based on its superior track record, is explained. In the fourth section, four important extensions and refinements of the method of meta-induction are presented. The final section, summarizes the major impacts of the program of meta-induction for epistemology, the philosophy of science and cognitive science.

Method and scope in Joseph A. Schumpeter's economics: a pluralist perspective

This study aims to evaluate the ideas on the scope and method of economics of Joseph Schumpeter who is one of the important economists of the 20th century. The study consists of four sections: In the first section we underline the interesting points of his life to understand the roots, background, or 'vision' of his thought system. In the second section, we will examine his methodological views that he asserted in his first (but translated into English only in 2010) book. Third section will be concerned with his 'analysis of economics' which refers to his critics of Leon Walras's general equilibrium analysis (as static) and his own alternative (dynamics analysis of capitalist economies) about the central subject matter of economics. In the fourth section we will treat his approach about the development/evolution process of economic thought in time. The study concludes with a brief assessment: Schumpeter is one of the rare economists who can build his own thought system in the history of economics, and he embraced a pluralist perspective in the field of the methodology of economics.

POLITICS AND PLAY IN THE LAVS PISONIS

This article examines the first-century c.e.Laus Pisonis, an anonymous panegyric for a certain Piso that lays particular emphasis on his skill at lyre-playing, ball games and the board game, the ludus latrunculorum (155–210). Whereas this focus has often been a cause of consternation among critics, this article argues that play is a crucial element of the poem's poetic and political operations. The first section shows that the poem employs images of poetic maturity and of temporality in order to justify a light or ludic topic for an allegedly young poet. The second section identifies a hitherto unobserved telestich (M-O-R-A) in the passage describing the ludus latrunculorum and argues that this letter game defines a positive period of play within the poem. The third section further demonstrates that this letter game is aimed specifically at the patron Piso as he is represented within the poem. That is, the poet parallels Piso's potential to uncover the telestich in the text and his ability to uncover the poet's hidden talent. The concluding fourth section explores the wider impact of this reinterpretation of the Laus Pisonis for the literary history of the Early Principate. It proposes that the poem's playfulness should not be seen as reflecting the progressive disempowerment of the political elite. Rather, the poem is an early case of Roman political discourse encroaching on the value of the trivial and the boundaries of otium. The Laus Pisonis makes play political.

Informal Markets

Informal markets have often been conceived primarily as a problem in developing countries, while they are also a frequent element of developed economies and global economic exchange. This article analyzes informal markets from an International Political Economy (IPE) perspective, examining two substantially different understandings of informal markets and related research: From the first perspective, analyses focus on how informal markets relate to formal markets, how large the informal market is, and what kind of deviation exists between the formal and informal sector. The second perspective analyzes informal markets against the background of illegal markets and crime. In a first step, the article elaborates on the many varieties and definitions of informal markets. In a second step, the article details explanations for the rise of informal markets. Research typically analyzes the local and national level of informal markets, less so international and transnational linkages, and IPE can contribute to this research substantially. In a third step, the article discusses the methodological challenges linked to assessing the existence and size of informal markets, and the fourth section presents different policies on how informal markets are governed. The concluding section outlines areas for further IPE research on informal markets.

The Everalbum, Inc. Case, or How the Federal Trade Commission Protected Consumer Rights Regarding the Collection, Use, Storage, Dissemination, and Destruction of Facial Recognition Data

This essay aims to analyze and evaluate the In the Matter of Everalbum, Inc. case. The paper discusses the Ever facial recognition application, its history, how it was developed, and the effects of the user deactivation process. The following section outlines Section 5 of the Federal Trade Commission Act, focusing on unfair trade practices. The third section lists the issues in the case. The fourth section outlines the Decision and Order from the Federal Trade Commission regarding how the Commission demanded how Everalbum was to behave in the future. The comments by David Valentine and World Privacy Forum are summarized. A critique of the Order is provided, noting that by demanding that Ever album delete and destroy its facial recognition technology, the question of who then owned the technology is paramount. The essay concludes by observing that a balance must be struck between the benefits of employing facial recognition technology and its unknown and possibly unknowable detrimental effects.

Health and Artificial Intelligence in the context of COVID-19 and beyond

This article introduces the main relevant aspects of ehealth or “digital health.” In this regard, by way of an introduction, the concept of health is addressed. In the second section, the core of this article, different aspects regarding the relationship between health and technology (HealthTech) are highlighted. Next, the importance of technology in order to deliver a preventive and personalized medicine, tailor-made to each patient, is addressed. Then, in the fourth section, some discriminatory situations that may arise due to not being able to access technology are discussed. Finally, I make some remarks regarding the so-called “Internet of Bodies".