Cognitive Science and Explanations of Psychopathology

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelso Cratsley ◽  
Richard Samuels
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Major Depressive Disorder ◽  
Depressive Disorder ◽  
Cognitive Science ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
The Core

This chapter examines the core explanatory strategies of cognitive science and their application to the study of psychopathology. In addition to providing a taxonomy of different strategies, the chapter illustrates their application, with special attention to autism spectrum disorder and major depressive disorder. It concludes by considering two challenges to the prospects of a developed cognitive science of psychopathology.

Burden of major depressive disorder and quality of life among mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder in urban bangladesh

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 284-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aliya Naheed ◽  
Md. Saimul Islam ◽  
Saima Wazed Hossain ◽  
Helal Uddin Ahmed ◽  
M. M. Jalal Uddin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Major Depressive Disorder ◽  
Depressive Disorder ◽  
Children With Autism ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Major Depressive

scholarly journals Exploring the Relationship Between Psychiatric Traits and the Risk of Mouth Ulcers Using Bi-Directional Mendelian Randomization

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kai Wang ◽  
Lin Ding ◽  
Can Yang ◽  
Xingjie Hao ◽  
Chaolong Wang
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Major Depressive Disorder ◽  
Depressive Disorder ◽  
Causal Relationship ◽  
Subjective Wellbeing ◽  
Mendelian Randomization ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Mood Instability

BackgroundAlthough the association between mouth ulcers and psychiatric traits has been reported by observational studies, their causal relationship remains unclear. Mendelian randomization (MR), powered by large-scale genome-wide association studies (GWAS), provides an opportunity to clarify the causality between mouth ulcers and psychiatric traits.MethodsWe collected summary statistics of mouth ulcers (sample size n = 461,106) and 10 psychiatric traits from the largest publicly available GWAS on Europeans, including anxiety disorder (n = 83,566), attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (n = 53,293), autism spectrum disorder (n = 46,350), bipolar disorder (n = 51,710), insomnia (n = 1,331,010), major depressive disorder (n = 480,359), mood instability (n = 363,705), neuroticism (n = 168,105), schizophrenia (n = 105,318), and subjective wellbeing (n = 388,538). We applied three two-sample bi-directional MR analysis methods, namely the Inverse Variance Weighted (IVW) method, the MR pleiotropy residual sum and outlier (MR-PRESSO) method, and the weighted median method, to assess the causal relationship between each psychiatric trait and mouth ulcers.ResultsWe found significant effects of autism spectrum disorder, insomnia, major depressive disorder, and subjective wellbeing on mouth ulcers, with the corresponding odds ratio (OR) from the IVW method being 1.160 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.066–1.261, P = 5.39 × 10–4], 1.092 (1.062–1.122, P = 3.37 × 10–10), 1.234 (1.134–1.342, P = 1.03 × 10–6), and 0.703 (0.571–0.865, P = 8.97 × 10–4), respectively. We also observed suggestive evidence for mood instability to cause mouth ulcers [IVW, OR = 1.662 (1.059–2.609), P = 0.027]. These results were robust to weak instrument bias and heterogeneity. We found no evidence on causal effects between other psychiatric traits and mouth ulcers, in either direction.ConclusionOur findings suggest a protective effect of subjective wellbeing and risk effects of autism spectrum disorder, insomnia, major depressive disorder, and mood instability on mouth ulcers. These results clarify the causal relationship between psychiatric traits and the development of mouth ulcers.

scholarly journals Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder with Autism Spectrum Disorder by Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Matrix

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Takafumi Watanabe
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Major Depressive Disorder ◽  
Depressive Disorder ◽  
Acceptance And Commitment Therapy ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Process Measures ◽  
Commitment Therapy ◽  
Acceptance And Commitment

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is known to increase a variety of psychiatric disorders, including major depressive disorder (MDD). Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) has been reported to be an effective psychotherapy for MDD. However, this is not the case with ASD. In this case study, based on the hypothesis that it is effective in treating MDD with ASD, we adapted the ACT Matrix, a tool for visualizing an individual’s experiences in the context of ACT, and administered 15 sessions to a woman with MDD with ASD following the onset of photo dermatosis. By the end of the final session, there was an increase in value-based behaviors and significant changes in depressive symptoms as well as significant changes in process measures such as experience avoidance, mindfulness, and progress toward a valued life. Six months after the end of the session, the improvement in symptoms was even stronger and the process measure of obstruction to a valued life was significantly improved. The ACT Matrix may thus ameliorate MDD in patients with ASD.

scholarly journals Psychiatric comorbidities with autism spectrum disorder in an adult clinic sample

BJPsych Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (S1) ◽  
pp. S239-S239
Author(s):  
Rifat Binte Radwan ◽  
Chiro Islam Mallik
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Major Depressive Disorder ◽  
Depressive Disorder ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Psychiatric Patients ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Psychiatric Consultation ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Comorbid Psychiatric Disorders

AimsAs part of continuity, prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is nearly the same in adults as children and is associated with other comorbid psychiatric disorders that have substantial impact on their life and complex the intervention. This study aimed to examine psychiatric comorbidity in referred adult ASD patients compared to non-ASD psychiatric patients. It has been hypothesized that comorbid psychiatric disorders were higher among patients with ASD than patients without ASD.MethodIn total, 36 adults with ASD referred in the year 2019 in a psychiatric consultation center in Dhaka city were included in the study. They were derived from the case register of the center. Similar number of age and sex-matched adult psychiatric patients without ASD were selected for comparison. All patients were referred for psychiatric consultation. Socio-demographic variables were collected from the patients’ record. Diagnosis of psychiatric disorders including ASD was made by an experienced psychiatrist. It was done clinically based on all available information, examination and relevant investigations. Diagnoses were assigned according to DSM-5. Then comparisons of psychiatric disorders were made between the two patient groups.ResultThe cases were ranged from 18-41 years with the mean of 26.72 ± 6.5 years. Among them, 22 were male and 14 were female. Male-female ratio was 1.6:1. Most of the subjects received no education and were from middle income family with urban background. Mean number of comorbid psychiatric disorders was 1.92 in patients with ASD and 1.67 in patients without ASD and the difference was significant (P = 0.04). Most two frequent comorbidities among ASD patients were Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (27.77%) and Major Depressive Disorder(25%) followed by Specific Phobia(19.44%), Social Phobia and Intermittent Explosive Disorder(16.67%) for each, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder(13.89%) and Conduct Disorder(11.11%). All these disorders were significantly higher than patients without ASD. Conversely, Major Depressive Disorder (30.55%) was most frequent among the patients without ASD and that was even significantly higher than patients with ASD. Other frequent disorders like Bipolar Disorder, Schizophrenia, Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Substance Related Disorder were also higher among non-ASD patients.ConclusionThis research shows that comorbid psychiatric disorders were frequently found in patients with ASD. Subsequent broad-based studies using extensive measures of psychopathology are required to confirm these preliminary findings. Greater understanding of the presence of other psychiatric disorders in ASD patients will turn this awareness into action.

scholarly journals White matter microstructural alterations across four major psychiatric disorders: mega-analysis study in 2937 individuals

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 883-895 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daisuke Koshiyama ◽  
◽  
Masaki Fukunaga ◽  
Naohiro Okada ◽  
Kentaro Morita ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Major Depressive Disorder ◽  
White Matter ◽  
Depressive Disorder ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Limbic System ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Microstructural Alterations

AbstractIdentifying both the commonalities and differences in brain structures among psychiatric disorders is important for understanding the pathophysiology. Recently, the ENIGMA-Schizophrenia DTI Working Group performed a large-scale meta-analysis and reported widespread white matter microstructural alterations in schizophrenia; however, no similar cross-disorder study has been carried out to date. Here, we conducted mega-analyses comparing white matter microstructural differences between healthy comparison subjects (HCS; N = 1506) and patients with schizophrenia (N = 696), bipolar disorder (N = 211), autism spectrum disorder (N = 126), or major depressive disorder (N = 398; total N = 2937 from 12 sites). In comparison with HCS, we found that schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and autism spectrum disorder share similar white matter microstructural differences in the body of the corpus callosum; schizophrenia and bipolar disorder featured comparable changes in the limbic system, such as the fornix and cingulum. By comparison, alterations in tracts connecting neocortical areas, such as the uncinate fasciculus, were observed only in schizophrenia. No significant difference was found in major depressive disorder. In a direct comparison between schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, there were no significant differences. Significant differences between schizophrenia/bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder were found in the limbic system, which were similar to the differences in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder relative to HCS. While schizophrenia and bipolar disorder may have similar pathological characteristics, the biological characteristics of major depressive disorder may be close to those of HCS. Our findings provide insights into nosology and encourage further investigations of shared and unique pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders.

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and other neurodevelopmental disorders in offspring of parents with depression and bipolar disorder

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
L. Propper ◽  
A. Sandstrom ◽  
S. Rempel ◽  
E. Howes Vallis ◽  
S. Abidi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Major Depressive Disorder ◽  
Depressive Disorder ◽  
Mood Disorder ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Disorders ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder

Abstract Background Offspring of parents with major mood disorders (MDDs) are at increased risk for early psychopathology. We aim to compare the rates of neurodevelopmental disorders in offspring of parents with bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, and controls. Method We established a lifetime diagnosis of neurodevelopmental disorders [attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorder, communication disorders, intellectual disabilities, specific learning disorders, and motor disorders] using the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia, Present and Lifetime Version in 400 participants (mean age 11.3 + s.d. 3.9 years), including 93 offspring of parents with bipolar disorder, 182 offspring of parents with major depressive disorder, and 125 control offspring of parents with no mood disorder. Results Neurodevelopmental disorders were elevated in offspring of parents with bipolar disorder [odds ratio (OR) 2.34, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.23–4.47, p = 0.010] and major depressive disorder (OR 1.87, 95% CI 1.03–3.39, p = 0.035) compared to controls. This difference was driven by the rates of ADHD, which were highest among offspring of parents with bipolar disorder (30.1%), intermediate in offspring of parents with major depressive disorder (24.2%), and lowest in controls (14.4%). There were no significant differences in frequencies of other neurodevelopmental disorders between the three groups. Chronic course of mood disorder in parents was associated with higher rates of any neurodevelopmental disorder and higher rates of ADHD in offspring. Conclusions Our findings suggest monitoring for ADHD and other neurodevelopmental disorders in offspring of parents with MDDs may be indicated to improve early diagnosis and treatment.

scholarly journals Prevalence and correlates of major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia among nursing home residents without dementia: systematic review and meta-analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 216 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michele Fornaro ◽  
Marco Solmi ◽  
Brendon Stubbs ◽  
Nicola Veronese ◽  
Francesco Monaco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Major Depressive Disorder ◽  
Nursing Homes ◽  
Depressive Disorder ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Schizophrenia Spectrum

BackgroundThe elderly population and numbers of nursing homes residents are growing at a rapid pace globally. Uncertainty exists regarding the actual rates of major depressive disorder (MDD), bipolar disorder and schizophrenia as previous evidence documenting high rates relies on suboptimal methodology.AimsTo carry out a systematic review and meta-analysis on the prevalence and correlates of MDD, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia spectrum disorder among nursing homes residents without dementia.MethodMajor electronic databases were systematically searched from 1980 to July 2017 for original studies reporting on the prevalence and correlates of MDD among nursing homes residents without dementia. The prevalence of MDD in this population was meta-analysed through random-effects modelling and potential sources of heterogeneity were examined through subgroup/meta-regression analyses.ResultsAcross 32 observational studies encompassing 13 394 nursing homes residents, 2110 people were diagnosed with MDD, resulting in a pooled prevalence rate of 18.9% (95% CI 14.8–23.8). Heterogeneity was high (I2 = 97%, P≤0.001); no evidence of publication bias was observed. Sensitivity analysis indicated the highest rates of MDD among North American residents (25.4%, 95% CI 18–34.5, P≤0.001). Prevalence of either bipolar disorder or schizophrenia spectrum disorder could not be reliably pooled because of the paucity of data.ConclusionsMDD is highly prevalent among nursing homes residents without dementia. Efforts towards prevention, early recognition and management of MDD in this population are warranted.

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