Coins

2021 ◽  
pp. 350-362
Author(s):  
Nathan T. Elkins
Keyword(s):  
Source Material ◽  
World City ◽  
Construction Work ◽  
Art Students ◽  
Roman Coins ◽  
Political Expediency ◽  
City States ◽  
Visual Record ◽  
Identity Perception ◽  
Greek World

The evidence provided by coins has not been systematically incorporated in studies of ancient sport and spectacle. Coins are a source material as important as other documentary and visual sources; arguably, they are potentially of even greater importance, since coins constitute a more complete visual record than any other surviving form of ancient art. Students of sport and spectacle that will benefit most from numismatics are those who grapple with questions about identity, perception, and political expediency in the ancient games. This contribution explores the different ways in which sport and spectacle were referred to on Greek and Roman coins. In the Greek world, city-states referred to festivals and athletics on their coins to announce their identities, whether through the depiction of Panhellenic festivals, local competitions, or the renowned athletes to which they were home. Even under Roman rule, coins of the Greek cities made reference to games in this way. In the Roman republic and empire, coin designs dealt more with the ideological agenda of the authority behind the production of coins (e.g., republican moneyer, late republican triumvir, or the emperor). As a result, depictions of games tended to reflect political expediency. For instance, some republican moneyers promised to hold games if elected to the aedileship and some emperors commemorated their sponsorship of and provisioning for games. Many coins that celebrated certain festivals or construction work on entertainment buildings may have been produced for special distributions, perhaps at the festivals or dedicatory games in question.

Art and an Archaeology of Embodiment: Some Aspects of Archaic Greece

1995 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Shanks
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Contemporary Poetry ◽  
Embodied Experience ◽  
Archaic Greece ◽  
Ceramic Vessels ◽  
Culture Production ◽  
City States ◽  
And Control ◽  
Greek World ◽  
Ceramic Decoration

This article seeks to gain an understanding of distinctive changes in certain artefacts produced in Corinth in the late eighth and seventh centuries BC. The focus is the development of figurative imagery on miniature ceramic vessels (many of them perfume jars) which travelled from Corinth particularly to sanctuaries and cemeteries in the wider Greek world. Connections, conceptual and material, are traced through the manufacture and iconography of some 2000 pots, through changing lifestyles, with juxtapositions of contemporary poetry from other parts of the Greek world. Aspects of embodiment are foregrounded in a discussion of stylization and drawing, the character of monstrosity (appearing in ceramic decoration), experiences of risk in battle, discipline and control. Techniques of the self (leading through the floral to wider lifestyles) also feature in this context, together with perfume, and the consumption or deposition of the pots in circumstances of contact with death and divinity. The argument is made that the articulation of an ideological field lay at the core of the changes of the early city states such as Corinth. The article is offered as a contribution to a contextual and interpretive archaeology. It attempts to develop concepts for dealing with power relations in an understanding of material culture production which foregrounds human agency and embodied experience.

The Athenian Reconciliation Agreement of 403 bce and its Legacy for Greek City-States in the Classical and Hellenistic Ages

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Joyce
Keyword(s):  
Civil Conflict ◽  
Greek City ◽  
Political Forgiveness ◽  
The Law ◽  
City States ◽  
Robust Procedures ◽  
Greek World

This chapter surveys amnesty agreements throughout the Greek world in the Classical and Hellenistic ages and argues that in many the principle of political forgiveness was both important and necessary when reconciling communities in the aftermath of civil conflict. The most successful amnesties were those which made use of the law and prohibited the revisiting of old grievances which led to or stemmed from a period of internal strife. Where and when exceptions were made to this rule they normally had to be spelled out in the terms of a treaty. The methods by which individual cities put this principle into effect varied widely, but the most famous and enduring example, the Athenian amnesty of 403 BCE, illustrates that a community could only successfully reconcile if its citizens were willing to forgo vindictive instincts which otherwise would have destabilised it. Robust procedures were put in place to restrain vengeance and protect the rights of individuals.

Agricultural Production

2018 ◽  
pp. 118-141
Author(s):  
Alain Bresson
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
Greek City ◽  
Rangeland Ecology ◽  
City States ◽  
Age Constraints ◽  
Regional Types ◽  
Greek World

This chapter examines the growth of agricultural production in the Greek city-states. It traces the evolutions and mutations of agriculture in the ancient Greek world as well as the consequences of these changes, first by discussing the so-called Mediterranean trilogy that comprised ancient Greek agriculture: grain, olives, and grapes. While cereals, grapes, and olives constituted the heart of agricultural production in ancient Greece, the role played by other products such as fig, vegetables, roses and other flowers, and honey is also considered. The chapter goes on to explore animal husbandry in the Greek city-states, focusing on the debate on “pastoralism” in the Early Iron Age, constraints in livestock raising, and the three main regional types of stock raising that extended from the southern Aegean to Thessaly, the Peloponnese, and the vast migratory areas of western Greece. Finally, it analyzes rangeland ecology and management during the period.

Disorienting Empire

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Basil Dufallo
Keyword(s):  
Queer Theory ◽  
Postcolonial Theory ◽  
Source Material ◽  
Gender And Sexuality ◽  
Rapid Expansion ◽  
New Horizons ◽  
Augustan Age ◽  
Greek World

Disorienting Empire is the first book to examine Republican Latin poetry’s recurring interest in characters who become lost. The book explains the prevalence of this theme with reference to the rapid expansion of Rome’s empire in the Middle and Late Republic. It was both a threatening and an enticing prospect, the book argues, to imagine the ever-widening spaces of Roman power as a place where one could become disoriented, both in terms of geographical wandering and in a more abstract sense connected with identity and identification, especially as it concerned gender and sexuality. Plautus, Terence, Lucretius, and Catullus, as well as the “triumviral” Horace of Satires, book 1, all reveal an interest in such experiences, particularly in relation to journeys into the Greek world from which these writers drew their source material. Fragmentary authors such as Naevius, Ennius, and Lucilius, as well as prose historians including Polybius and Livy, add depth and context to the discussion. Setting the Republican poets in dialogue with queer theory and postcolonial theory, the book brings to light both anxieties latent in the theme and the exuberance it suggests over new creative possibilities opened up by reorienting oneself toward new horizons and new identifications—by discovering with pleasure that one could be other than one thought. Further, in showing that the Republican poets had been experimenting with such techniques for generations before the Augustan Age, Disorienting Empire offers its close readings as a preface to the interpretation of Aeneas’s wandering journey in Vergil’s Aeneid.

The Crowning of Demosthenes

1969 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 163-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. L. Cawkwell
Keyword(s):  
Balance Of Power ◽  
National State ◽  
City States ◽  
The City ◽  
Greek World

In the course of Demosthenes' lifetime, indeed within a mere decade, the whole balance of power in the Greek world was destroyed. By 338 the city states were completely overshadowed by the national state of Macedon, and it is the concern of all students of Demosthenes to analyse this dramatic change. The task is not easy. The evidence is most unsatisfactory. None of the great historians of the age has survived in other than a few precious fragments, and in the absence of Ephorus, Anaximenes, Theopompus, and the Atthidographers the pale reflections of some of them in Book XVI of Diodorus are poor consolation. It is on the Athenian orators that we have to rely, the very men most concerned in the politics of Athens, in the act of glossing over and denying their own share in the disaster and of misrepresenting that of their opponents. Memories were no longer then than they are today. In 343 both Demosthenes and Aeschines in discussing the events of a mere three years past denied all responsibility for the making of the Peace of Philocrates; one, at least, was lying, confidently. The formal documents were, generally speaking, merely heard, and only in part at that, and the orators were well practised in exploiting such material. If Aeschines and Demosthenes could lie so freely within three years of the events, what they had to say at a longer interval must be much more suspect.

War and Society in Greece

2013 ◽  
pp. 198-215
Author(s):  
Nicholas V. Sekunda
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Hellenistic Period ◽  
Greek City ◽  
War And Society ◽  
City States ◽  
City State ◽  
Greek World ◽  
Demographic Effects ◽  
Human Losses

This chapter explains Greek warfare and society. The concept of the soldier-citizen was an important component in the Greek city-state or polis. The large-scale wars that took place throughout the Greek world from the death of Alexander until the battle of Corupedium in 281 deprived many of Greek city-states, whic had chronic problems with finances. The Greeks employed a bewildering range of words for payments in kind or cash. The mercenaries were vital in the Hellenistic period. If a city fell after a siege, the impacts on trade and prices were mostly local. The drastic human losses could have important social, political, and demographic effects. It is impossible to quantify the number of persons uprooted by war in the Greek world, but they must have been considerable.

Analisis Benchmarking Terhadap Kinerja Perusahaan Kontraktor Di Dinas Pupr Kota Blitar

REVITALISASI ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 56
Author(s):  
Dessy Kusuma Wardani ◽  
Edy Swasono
Keyword(s):  
Consumer Satisfaction ◽  
Success Factors ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Company Performance ◽  
Community Satisfaction ◽  
Construction Work ◽  
Acquisition Rate ◽  
One Year ◽  
Construction Product

This study aims to identify the dominant factors of the successful implementation of benchmarking on the performance of contracting companies and test the significance of the application of benchmarking on the performance of contracting companies. The research sample was saturated samples of 65 qualified contractor companies. The method and type of research used were correlational methods of multiple regression analysis using SPPS. The results of the study concluded that 1.Benchmarking significantly influences the performance of contracting companies in the Blitar City DPUPR; 1. The ranking of success factors for the Blitar City contractor companies in the process of implementing benchmarking (1) planning, (2) data collection, (3) acception and action and (4) analysis; 2.Benchmarking has proven to significantly improve company performance as measured by increasing (1) Corporate Finance (2) Company productivity, (3) DPUPR Consumer Satisfaction, (4) Community Satisfaction, (5) Quality of the company's construction technical personnel, (6) Satisfaction employee work, (7) Project acquisition rate in one year, (8) Effective completion of construction work, (9) Construction product quality.

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