South Cushitic

2020 ◽  
pp. 322-330
Author(s):  
Roland Kießling
Keyword(s):  
Data Acquisition ◽  
Language Shift ◽  
Extreme Case ◽  
The South ◽  
Genetic Inheritance ◽  
Genetic Position ◽  
Southern Branch ◽  
Methodological Considerations ◽  
Northern Branch

The South Cushitic or West Rift Cushitic languages split into two branches: Southern vs. Northern. While the Southern branch continues in Burunge, the Northern branch comprises Alagwa and Iraqwoid, which includes the dialects Gorwaa and Iraqw. Internal convergence of Alagwa towards the Southern branch produced bundles of Burunge/Alagwa lexical isoglosses which could easily be wrongly taken to reflect genetic inheritance. Languages such as Qw’adza, Aasáx, Ma’a/Mbugu, and Dahalo must be excluded from an internal classification of South Cushitic for various methodological considerations. Dahalo’s genetic position between South and East Cushitic has not been determined beyond doubt. Ma’a/Mbugu rather represents an extreme case of intertwining of Bantu and Cushitic, involving language shift and deliberate creation of an ethnolinguistic register. Finally, for both Qw’adza and Aasáx, poor overall documentary coverage and the contexts of data acquisition do not allow for reliable integration into an adequate internal classification.

Linguistic Isolates

2020 ◽  
pp. 427-436
Author(s):  
Gerrit J. Dimmendaal
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Language Shift ◽  
Technological Innovations ◽  
African Continent ◽  
Genetic Classification ◽  
Genetic Inheritance ◽  
Social Innovations

Next to three major phyla and a range of smaller language families, one finds several linguistic isolates on the African continent. The fact that many isolates are found at the periphery of expansion zones, where they are part of accretion zones, suggests that they represent the last representatives of language families which have become extinct. Climate change, social innovations, and technological innovations probably forced groups to adapt to new situations, which often involved language shift. The genetic classification of these isolates is often problematic because it is difficult to differentiate between borrowing and genetic inheritance, as no closely related languages apparently survived.

The classification of the Tungusic languages

2020 ◽  
pp. 80-91
Author(s):  
Lindsay J. Whaley ◽  
Sofia Oskolskaya
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Genetic Relationships ◽  
Comparative Method ◽  
Bayesian Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Southern Branch ◽  
Basic Vocabulary ◽  
Cladistic Classification ◽  
Northern Branch

This chapter surveys previous attempts to classify the genetic relationships among the Tungusic languages. The set of sound correspondences that can be employed in this classification is examined and it is argued that, if one assumes binary branching for a cladistic classification, there are three plausible classifications that result from the application of the classical comparative method. Next, a Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of basic vocabulary is undertaken to determine whether that analysis provides any further evidence for which of the three classifications is preferred. The conclusion is that it does and that one of the best classifications of Tungusic places Manchu, Xibe, and Jurchen in a Southern Branch together with Udihe and Nanai complexes, and the Even-Evenki complex in a Northern Branch. Though our analysis does not exclude the most common classification in which the Manchuric branch separated first from all other Tungusic languages.

scholarly journals Studying of Cultural Properties of Pyricularia oryzae Cav. Strains in the South of Russia

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-28
Author(s):  
Dmitry Nartymov ◽  
Evgeny Kharitonov ◽  
Elena Dubina ◽  
Sergey Garkusha ◽  
Margarita Ruban ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pyricularia Oryzae ◽  
Blast Disease ◽  
The South ◽  
Directional Growth ◽  
Rice Plants ◽  
Affected Plant ◽  
Cultural Traits ◽  
Plant Form ◽  
Using Data

This article presents the results of the development of a methodology for describing the main morphological and cultural traits of the Pyricularia oryzae Cav. strains widespread in the south of Russia. At the same time, the types of traits are identified and listed, which make it possible to unambiguously determine the uniqueness and variety of the pathogen. The relationships and patterns established using cluster and statistical analysis make it possible to identify the conditions for the development of a pathogen that determine its predominant forms. Thus, research shows that leaf forms of P. oryzae strains isolated from rice plants with leaf form of blast disease have an equally directional growth pattern of a colony with a felt structure, and strains isolated from neck-affected plant form often produce a zone of a colony with a clumpy structure. The classification of cultural traits will make it possible to obtain scientifically grounded and comparable data that can be used in the analysis of the interaction of P. oryzae strains with rice plants on various varieties and in various agro-technological conditions in order to improve and rationalize agricultural activities. The study opens up the possibility of using data in breeding, making it possible to identify forms of a pathogen that infect certain varieties.

THE BRONZE SHIELD FROM THE BURIAL OF A MEDIEVAL ARCHER IN THE KUZNETSK DESPRESSION

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 265-270
Author(s):  
PILIPENKO S. ◽  
◽  
SULEIMENOV M. ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Significant Role ◽  
Western Siberia ◽  
Volga Region ◽  
Burial Ground ◽  
The South ◽  
Protective Shield

A number of works written by leading Siberian weapons experts are devoted to the classification of this piece of personal armour. Issues of weapons development played a significant role in the lives of the medieval people in the South of Western Siberia. One of the most frequently encountered categories of inventory in the burials of nomads includes ranged weapons: parts of bows, arrows, quivers. Yu.S. Khudyakova [1980, p. 118] and VV. Gorbunova [2006, p. 35-62]. However, bow sets are not limited to bows, arrows and quivers. There are also other parts of archery equipment known from the nomadic antiquities of the Volga region, such as archers’ rings and pavises [Rudenko, 2005, p. 27-35], items that have never been found in the South of Western Siberia until recently. During his exploration of burial ground 3 from mound 3 of Konevo, A.M. Ilyushin [2012, p. 37] found a bronze plate, which he believed belonged to plate armour. However, further study of the objects found in burial ground 3 of mound 3 of Konevo, raised doubts whether this attribution of the excavated bronze plate is justified. Acquaintance with the materials of burial 3 of mound 3 of the Konevo burial ground, raised doubts about such an attribution of the revealed bronze plate. Keywords: medieval nomads, archeology, bow, arrows, protective shield, pavise, gastagna, archer, Kuznetsk Depression

scholarly journals A weather regime characterisation of winter biomass aerosol transport from southern Africa

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Gaetani ◽  
Benjamin Pohl ◽  
Maria del Carmen Alvarez Castro ◽  
Cyrille Flamant ◽  
Paola Formenti
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Southern Africa ◽  
Forest Fires ◽  
South Atlantic ◽  
Austral Winter ◽  
The South ◽  
Predictive Tool ◽  
Weather Regime ◽  
Synoptic Variability

Abstract. During austral winter, a compact low cloud deck over South Atlantic contrasts with clear sky over southern Africa, where forest fires triggered by dry conditions emit large amount of biomass burning aerosols (BBA) in the free troposphere. Most of the BBA burden crosses South Atlantic embedded in the tropical easterly flow. However, midlatitude synoptic disturbances can deflect part of the aerosol from the main transport path towards southern extratropics. In this study, a characterisation of the synoptic variability controlling the spatial distribution of BBA in southern Africa and South Atlantic during austral winter (August to October) is presented. By analysing atmospheric circulation data from reanalysis products, a 6-class weather regime (WR) classification of the region is constructed. The classification reveals that the synoptic variability is composed by four WRs representing disturbances travelling at midlatitudes, and two WRs accounting for pressure anomalies in the South Atlantic. The WR classification is then successfully used to characterise the aerosol spatial distribution in the region in the period 2003–2017, in both reanalysis products and station data. Results show that the BBA transport towards southern extratropics is controlled by weather regimes associated with midlatitude synoptic disturbances. In particular, depending on the relative position of the pressure anomalies along the midlatitude westerly flow, the BBA transport is deflected from the main tropical route towards southern Africa or the South Atlantic. This paper presents the first objective classification of the winter synoptic circulation over South Atlantic and southern Africa. The classification shows skills in characterising the BBA transport, indicating the potential for using it as a diagnostic/predictive tool for aerosol dynamics, which is a key component for the full understanding and modelling of the complex radiation-aerosol-cloud interactions controlling the atmospheric radiative budget in the region.

scholarly journals Cloud computing activities: Guidelines on the South African income tax classification

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 228-243
Author(s):  
Shené Steenkamp ◽  
Rudie Nel
Keyword(s):  
Cloud Computing ◽  
South African ◽  
Income Tax ◽  
Computer Hardware ◽  
Correct Classification ◽  
The South ◽  
Know How ◽  
Cloud Computing Service ◽  
Source Test

The classification of income from cloud computing activities, according to the substance-over-form doctrine, is fundamental to the application of the correct taxation source test. The designation of IaaS, PaaS and SaaS, the three main cloud computing service models, clearly denotes the form of cloud computing activities as that of a service. However, the nature of cloud computing inherently raises the question of whether or not cloud computing income should not rather be classified as income from leasing activities or the imparting of know-how. In fact, the findings of this study suggest the classification would not necessarily always be that of a service. The possible classification as lease income can be either income from the lease of tangible computer hardware and/or of intellectual property (royalty income). The aim of this study was to formulate guidelines to assist in the correct classification of income from cloud computing activities. This was achieved by performing doctrinal research based on the South African and international literature.

House I 10,2–3

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Penelope M. Allison
Keyword(s):  
The South ◽  
Going Concern ◽  
Volcanic Deposit ◽  
Southern Branch

According to Elia, this area had been a ‘cubiculum’, that was later adapted as a ‘bottega’ or ‘taberna’ and decorated in the Fourth Style. Remains of painted plaster on the walls suggest that the decoration had been cursory. An L-shaped masonry counter ran west from the east door jamb of the entrance, and then south. It was plastered and painted red, decorated with plants, and had two dolia inset into the centre of the southern branch. At the southern end of this bench was a masonry fornello, of which only the base and east wall was extant at the time of excavation. Disturbed volcanic deposit was encountered 2.5 m above the pavement. The only loose finds were made on the counter. They consisted of three bronze coins, one Republican and one dating to ad 37–8. The fixtures in this area, and the graffiti at the entrance to the house, have been used as evidence that this was a shop for the heating and dispensing of food. The apparent state of the fornello suggests that it was not in use at the time of the eruption. Loose finds may have been removed after the eruption, as suggested by the breaches in the walls, or possibly during clearing of the façade. However, the complete lack of recorded finds supports an inference that it was not operating as a going concern prior to the eruption. Similar conditions were observed by Berry for the so-called ‘caupona’ in House I 9,11, from which she concluded that it was not functioning in ad 79. This entranceway led to hall 4, off which most of the rooms in this house opened. Ling notes evidence of wall plaster but no decoration was recorded by Elia. In the east wall, 1.15 m above the floor and 0.82 m from the south end, was a semi-circular lararium niche with traces of a protecting door and an associated inscription: ‘Lares Augusti’. Disturbed volcanic deposit was encountered 2.5 m above the pavement of this entranceway. The finds from the actual entrance consisted of iron fragments, which would have been part of the closing system for the street door, and a marble base.

Chapter 14 Cambrian-Ordovician history

1997 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 257-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Brian Harland
Keyword(s):  
Late Ordovician ◽  
Early Cambrian ◽  
The South ◽  
Thermal Event ◽  
Early Ordovician

Cambrian-Ordovician history is well documented in Svalbard with late Early Cambrian faunas and a range of Ordovician faunas to provide a basis for correlation. Not so extensive as Vendian, the rocks crop out in four areas: (i) only slightly deformed strata in the youngest Hecla Hoek (Oslobreen) Group in northeastern Svalbard yield especially rich Early to Mid-Ordovician faunas, (ii) The Hornsundian Geosyncline in south Spitsbergen with more variable facies and tectonic complications also exhibits Early Cambrian and Canadian strata, (iii) The Bjornoya succession reveals a marked hiatus between Vendian and Early and Mid-Ordovician strata, (iv) In western Svalbard the lack of Cambrian and Early Ordovician strata marks a distinct Mid Ordovician tectono-thermal event to be followed by ?Late Ordovician and Early Silurian strata. Indeed the above four areas correspond to distinct terranes which, having different affinities especially with areas in Greenland, give evidence of relatively distant areas and environments of formation. Evidence of Cambro-Ordovician volcanism is not recorded.Figure 14.1 lists the successions in the four areas mentioned according to the classification of rock units as abstracted from chapters 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11, where their regional settings may be found. The outcrops are plotted on Fig. 14.2. The northeastern Svalbard strata are separated by Hinlopenstretet. This waterway divides Ny Friesland and Olav V Land in Spitsbergen from northwestern Nordaustlandet and occupies a syncline, but the successions although differently named are essentially continuous. In southern Spitsbergen the fjord Hornsund separates the successions to the south in Sorkapp Land

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