House I 10,2–3

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Penelope M. Allison
Keyword(s):  
The South ◽  
Going Concern ◽  
Volcanic Deposit ◽  
Southern Branch

According to Elia, this area had been a ‘cubiculum’, that was later adapted as a ‘bottega’ or ‘taberna’ and decorated in the Fourth Style. Remains of painted plaster on the walls suggest that the decoration had been cursory. An L-shaped masonry counter ran west from the east door jamb of the entrance, and then south. It was plastered and painted red, decorated with plants, and had two dolia inset into the centre of the southern branch. At the southern end of this bench was a masonry fornello, of which only the base and east wall was extant at the time of excavation. Disturbed volcanic deposit was encountered 2.5 m above the pavement. The only loose finds were made on the counter. They consisted of three bronze coins, one Republican and one dating to ad 37–8. The fixtures in this area, and the graffiti at the entrance to the house, have been used as evidence that this was a shop for the heating and dispensing of food. The apparent state of the fornello suggests that it was not in use at the time of the eruption. Loose finds may have been removed after the eruption, as suggested by the breaches in the walls, or possibly during clearing of the façade. However, the complete lack of recorded finds supports an inference that it was not operating as a going concern prior to the eruption. Similar conditions were observed by Berry for the so-called ‘caupona’ in House I 9,11, from which she concluded that it was not functioning in ad 79. This entranceway led to hall 4, off which most of the rooms in this house opened. Ling notes evidence of wall plaster but no decoration was recorded by Elia. In the east wall, 1.15 m above the floor and 0.82 m from the south end, was a semi-circular lararium niche with traces of a protecting door and an associated inscription: ‘Lares Augusti’. Disturbed volcanic deposit was encountered 2.5 m above the pavement of this entranceway. The finds from the actual entrance consisted of iron fragments, which would have been part of the closing system for the street door, and a marble base.

House I 10,1

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Penelope M. Allison
Keyword(s):  
The South ◽  
The West ◽  
Glass Vessel ◽  
Unknown Type ◽  
West Wall ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Volcanic Deposit

In November 1926 the excavators recorded moving lapilli from in front of this house and from the entrance but no finds were reported in these areas. On 8 July 1932 they recorded removing disturbed volcanic deposit from the middle levels in the northeast area of this insula. A breach (min. h.: 2 m), now patched, in the south end of the west wall of room 2 and 1.05 m above the floor, presumably penetrated into this space and documents disturbance after ad 79. Elia observed that the room had been covered and had been divided for all or part of its length by a ‘tramezzo ligneo’ which Ling interprets as a wooden partition to screen the stairway. In the north-east corner, are three masonry steps from a stairway which Ling argued ascended along the east wall. Ling argues that the installation of this stairway would have put out of commission the recess and lararium painting (dimensions: 0.55 m × 0.4 m) behind it. The remains of a late Third Style decoration are found on the walls. The loose finds from near the north entrance of this space and from near the entrance to room 3 were predominantly door-fittings, with the possible exception of a small marble base. A small key reported in the latter location may originally have been from storage furniture but was unlikely to have been in use as no other remains of such furnishings were recorded. The only other find in this area was a glass vessel of unknown type. Elia called this room an ‘atrium’. The finds are not particularly diagnostic but, even if this area was disturbed, they hint that it had been relatively unencumbered with furnishings, probably serving predominantly as a reception and access area for the rest of the house. The breach in the south end of the west wall of this room implies that it may have been disturbed after ad 79. The walls had a simple painted decoration but this room had no evident fixtures. According to Elia it was an ‘oecus’. The limited ceramic finds (a jug, a terra sigillata dish, and a lamp) are associated with lighting and probably with the serving or storage of foodstuffs.

Studies in the Ethiopic Syllabary

Africa ◽  
1951 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 207-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward Ullendorff
Keyword(s):  
East Africa ◽  
The South ◽  
North East ◽  
South Arabia ◽  
Southern Branch ◽  
Opening Paragraph

Opening ParagraphThe Ethiopian script as known to us today is a quasi-syllabic script, each character consisting of one consonant followed by a vowel (or zero). This system developed in the 3rd and 4th centuries A.D.; we are, however, in possession of some inscriptions in which the early purely consonantal form of the Ethiopian alphabet has survived.When the Semites from South Arabia crossed the Bābel Mandeb and immigrated into that part of North-East Africa which is today the Tigre province of Ethiopia and Southern Eritrea, the South Arabian alphabet which they brought with them was, perhaps, the most important innovation they introduced into Africa. This South Arabian alphabet belongs to the Southern branch of the Semitic script, but we are still not quite certain at what time it severed its connexion with the Northern alphabet.

Unit I 10,13

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Penelope M. Allison
Keyword(s):  
Food Preparation ◽  
The South ◽  
The West ◽  
The North ◽  
Small Glass ◽  
Volcanic Deposit ◽  
Ceramic Vessel ◽  
South Wall ◽  
Glass Bottles ◽  
Northeast Corner

The pavement of this unit was of cocciopesto and the walls were covered with a high cocciopesto socle with upper parts in coarse plaster. A wooden stairway ascended from the south-west corner, along the west wall, and an L-shaped, red-painted masonry bench (h.: 760 mm; l.: 3.3 m; w.: 60 mm), inset with two small dolia, projected into the centre of the room from the south-east corner. In the west end of this bench Elia recorded a masonry fornello. Remains of the closing system, included an iron door key, were found in the east entrance. The presence of the key suggests that this establishment was abandoned in haste. On the pavement near the north jamb, an inscribed amphora was found. In the northeast corner, a small ceramic vase was found. Against the south wall stood a tripod on which were found the remains of another ceramic vessel. On the bench were found: a bronze funnel; four more ceramic vases; the base of a terra sigillata dish, possibly reused; a large glass storage jar; two small glass bottles; a bronze tube; a clay lamp; and two bronze coins, one Republican and one an as of Tiberius. These finds point to this area having been used for food preparation although this is less evident for the two small glass bottles. A bronze ring, possibly a finger-ring, and four more coins (Republican and Julio-Claudian) were found a few centimetres above the pavement. At 2.5 m above the pavement were found a bronze cooking pot, a bronze bucket, and a terra sigillata dish. These objects were conceivably from the upper storey, implying that cooking and eating may also have been taking place there, although these could have been disturbed from the ground floor. Elia identified this as a ‘taberna’ and Packer referred to it as ‘Caupona Poppaeorum’. The finds indicate that food was being prepared here. Packer believed that the owner had a small apartment above. If the finds from the upper levels of the volcanic deposit were from the upper floor, this would suggest that cooking activities were also being carried out there. However, this seems an unlikely activity in the residence of someone who ran a food outlet.

Casa degli Amanti (I 10,10–11)

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Penelope M. Allison
Keyword(s):  
The South ◽  
Industrial Activity ◽  
Volcanic Material ◽  
Volcanic Deposit ◽  
South Wall ◽  
Bear Witness

There are remains of coarse plaster on the lower parts of the walls of this space and the pavement is of cocciopesto. The excavators removed disturbed volcanic material mixed with plaster, particularly from the south-east corner of this room. A breach in this corner, in the east wall, would have provided access through to room 8. Near the doorway in the south wall, leading to the front hall of this house, were found: an iron handle, probably from the door; a bronze knob terminal, conceivably from a large steelyard; a small travertine base; a storage jar; a clay loom weight; and a bronze fibula. This area has been identified as a shop or workshop. The limited finds conceivably bear witness to some commercial or industrial activity having been carried out here but they are equally domestic in character, as well as fragmentary and loseable. It is quite possible that any commercial or industrial activity which might once have taken place here had ceased prior to the eruption. The walls of this entranceway were decorated in the Second Style and the pavement was of lavapesta. Ling noted repaired damage to the walls of this entranceway, which he initially attributed to the ad 62 earthquake but he has since identified the repairs as modern. The excavators removed volcanic material mixed with plaster and roof tiles from this entranceway. The only finds recorded here seem to have fallen from the upper floor (see below). The walls of this ‘atrium’ were decorated in the Fourth Style which Elia and Ling have dated to after the ad 62 earthquake. The pavement continued that of the entranceway, in lavapesta. The excavators again noted that the volcanic deposit here presented constant signs of disturbance and that nothing was preserved of the stratigraphy. At the centre of this area is a cocciopesto impluvium (inside dimensions: 2.10 m × 1.77 m). A few, scattered, loose finds were recorded in the disturbed volcanic deposit which could conceivably have been from this space (see below). Even considering the finds from disturbed deposits, the paucity of contents here is comparable to the situation in the front hall of the Casa del Menandro but contrasts with that in many other front hall in Pompeian houses.

Casa del Menandro (I 10,4)

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Penelope M. Allison
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Small Hole ◽  
Public Facility ◽  
The South ◽  
South Side ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
Volcanic Deposit ◽  
Bone Fragments ◽  
Wall Decoration

To either side of this main entranceway, on the street front, are fixed masonry seats. Such seats have been assumed to have been for waiting clients. However, in Pompeii these seats are not always in front of the largest and most elaborate houses, that is those whose occupants were likely to have had clients. They were therefore likely to have served as a public facility available to anyone, including the house occupants. No loose finds were reported from this entranceway. The only visible sign of possible post-eruption disturbance to the volcanic deposit is a small hole towards the south end of the east wall of this ‘atrium’. However, the hole seems too small to have been the breach made by a post-eruption intruder. Maiuri noted, that the wall decoration of this ‘atrium’ was of a fresh and well-preserved Fourth Style executed after the last transformation of the house. The pavement was in lavapesta. Fixtures here included a central catchment pool (impluvium), revetted in white marble that was damaged either before or during the eruption, and a lararium aedicula in the north-west corner. According to Maiuri, the aedicula was constructed after the last well-preserved wall decoration, but Ling believes they are contemporary. At least forty-five small bronze studs were found in the north-west corner of this area. These had decorated the wooden lattice of the aedicula, now reconstructed in plaster. All the other recorded moveable finds were from the south side of this space. These included: a household storage jar; two clay lamps; bronze and iron fittings, possibly from the closing system for room 8, the so-called ‘tablinum’; and bone fragments probably from a piece of furniture. In the south-west corner were found a large bronze basin and a bronze patera, both of which were conceivably associated with bathing. Contrary to what might be expected, no statuettes of Lares or other representations were found in the lararium aedicula. Maiuri therefore concluded that these must have been made of wood. If this were so, then the excavators, who were able to make a cast of the wooden latticing, would surely also have observed any statuettes inside the aedicula, objects which would seem to have been more important than the latticing.

The Bursa–Gönen Depression, NW Turkey: a complex basin developed on the North Anatolian Fault

2013 ◽  
Vol 150 (5) ◽  
pp. 801-821 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. HALUK SELİM ◽  
OKAN TÜYSÜZ
Keyword(s):  
North Anatolian Fault ◽  
The South ◽  
Late Pliocene ◽  
The North ◽  
Seismological Data ◽  
Nw Turkey ◽  
Fault Kinematics ◽  
Southern Branch ◽  
Recent Sediments ◽  
Control Study

AbstractIn this study, we show that the southern branch of the North Anatolian Fault has been active since Late Pliocene time and that evidence of activity is supported by geological and seismological data. The southern branch of the North Anatolian Fault consists of four segments from west to east: Yenice–Gönen, Manyas–Mustafakemalpaşa, Uluabat and Bursa. These faults delimit the Bursa–Gönen Depression, with the Bandırma–Mudanya Uplift to the north and Uludağ–Sularya Uplift to the south. The Bursa–Gönen Depression includes Upper Pliocene to Recent sediments that thicken to the south, suggesting a deposition pattern under active fault control. Study of fault kinematics suggests that the Bursa–Gönen Depression started as a small pull-apart basin during Late Pliocene time, and then evolved to a large depression. The faults delimiting this depression are still active and capable of producing future earthquakes.

Units I 10,5 and I 10,6

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Penelope M. Allison
Keyword(s):  
Drainage Channel ◽  
Insufficient Evidence ◽  
The South ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
South West ◽  
Volcanic Deposit ◽  
Upper Room

This upper-storey unit, or apartment, was accessed through entranceway I 10,5, which consists of a stairway between the two rooms of Unit I 10,6. Eleven masonry steps of this stairway remain. According to Ling, the apartment consisted of a room above the rear room of Unit I 10,6 (room 6A) and rooms above rooms 5–7 of the Casa del Menandro. Elia reported a semi-elliptical lararium niche (dimensions: 1.77 m × 0.65 m, d.: 150 mm) at the foot of the stairs, painted with a green festoon and red and yellow flowers. However, it is not certain that this decoration would identify it as a lararium. A downpipe in the north-east corner of room 6A in Unit I 10,6 has been used as evidence for the presence of a latrine in the upper room although this could equally have been for roof drainage. The only finds conceivably from this apartment, were a bronze buckle and possibly those items recorded above room 5 of the Casa del Menandro (cat. nos. 908–917a). There is insufficient evidence to substantiate its identification as a brothel. This was an area with a wide opening onto the street to the north of this insula. The pavement was of mortar and the walls were furbished with a high cocciopesto socle with coarse plaster above. In the south-west corner is a rectangular structure consisting of two low walls which enclosed two basins (each 1.05 m × 0.88 m) cut into the pavement, with a large drainage channel in front. Ling identifies these as washing-basins. The loose finds in this room, at pavement level, consisted of: two rectangular marble bases, likely to have been for display furniture such as marble tables or basins; four larger rectangular marble bases possibly for statuary; three other cylindrical marble supports; and a small marble capital. A clay lamp was also found in the entranceway, in the volcanic deposit. Elia interpreted the structure in the south-west corner as a ‘saltus fullonicus’, thus identifying this establishment as a fullers’ workshop. Ling points out that these basins ‘could have been used in various crafts’ and he suggests, on the basis of the stone pieces, that this was the workshop of a specialist stone-carver.

South Cushitic

2020 ◽  
pp. 322-330
Author(s):  
Roland Kießling
Keyword(s):  
Data Acquisition ◽  
Language Shift ◽  
Extreme Case ◽  
The South ◽  
Genetic Inheritance ◽  
Genetic Position ◽  
Southern Branch ◽  
Methodological Considerations ◽  
Northern Branch

The South Cushitic or West Rift Cushitic languages split into two branches: Southern vs. Northern. While the Southern branch continues in Burunge, the Northern branch comprises Alagwa and Iraqwoid, which includes the dialects Gorwaa and Iraqw. Internal convergence of Alagwa towards the Southern branch produced bundles of Burunge/Alagwa lexical isoglosses which could easily be wrongly taken to reflect genetic inheritance. Languages such as Qw’adza, Aasáx, Ma’a/Mbugu, and Dahalo must be excluded from an internal classification of South Cushitic for various methodological considerations. Dahalo’s genetic position between South and East Cushitic has not been determined beyond doubt. Ma’a/Mbugu rather represents an extreme case of intertwining of Bantu and Cushitic, involving language shift and deliberate creation of an ethnolinguistic register. Finally, for both Qw’adza and Aasáx, poor overall documentary coverage and the contexts of data acquisition do not allow for reliable integration into an adequate internal classification.

House I 10,18

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Penelope M. Allison
Keyword(s):  
Food Preparation ◽  
The South ◽  
Low Light ◽  
Volcanic Deposit ◽  
South Wall ◽  
Small House ◽  
Ceramic Vessels ◽  
Wall Decoration

The walls outside this entrance were decorated with a high red socle with white fields above, on which were painted simple inscriptions in red. The entranceway itself had a simple pavement and remains of black decoration on the walls. Outside the entrance, on either side, are two plastered masonry seats (south seat—h.: 0.45 m; dimensions: 0.4 m × 1.2 m; north seat—h.: 0.5 m; dimensions: 0.37 m × 0.9 m). These seats are thought to have been for waiting clients but this is rather a small house to need such a facility. Such seats were probably used more generally by the householders and passers-by. No finds were recorded here. This front hall had a cocciopesto pavement and traces of wall decoration consisting of a high black socle with simple white fields above, similar to that in the entranceway. It had a cocciopesto impluvium (dimensions: 1.2 m × 0.9 m), inset with fragments of coloured marble. A wooden stairway along the south wall ascended to the east. Underneath was a cupboard (w.: 0.95 m; l.: 3.6 m) with plastered walls and wooden doors. The only finds recorded from this area were ceramic vessels of various types, including one large amphora. This contrasts with the plethora of finds from many other atria and suggests that this area had been abandoned, or at least its use had been restricted, during the last occupancy. According to Elia, this room was probably a ‘cubiculum’, its walls decorated with a low light red socle, and yellow central and upper zones. Parts of the upper zone, however, consisted of only coarse white plaster. No evidence remains of the original pavement. Finds from this room consisted of: an iron padlock, probably from the door; two small ceramic vases; one amphora; and an as of Claudius. In the disturbed volcanic deposit in this room were also found: another similar iron lock; a ceramic vase; and a ceramic basin, both of which may have been used for mixing, possibly in food preparation; a carpenter’s hammer; a bronze ring; and a dupondius of Vespasian (ad 74). The finds assemblage is unlike that commonly found in decorated rooms of this type, and is seemingly much more utilitarian.

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