X-Ray Fluorescence-Energy Dispersive (ED-XRF) and Wavelength Dispersive (WD-XRF) Spectrometry

2016 ◽  
pp. 341-362
Author(s):  
Mark Hall
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Chemical Characterization ◽  
Short Discussion ◽  
Multivariate Statistical Methods ◽  
Multivariate Statistical ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Provenance Studies ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Fluorescence Energy

This chapter reviews the physics and engineering behind X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry. Explained are the two different types of XRF spectrometry, their similarities and differences, and their limitations. Sample preparation for each type of XRF spectrometry is discussed. Since both methods of XRF spectrometry produce quantitative data, a short discussion of data processing and multivariate statistical methods is presented. After reviewing some of the theoretical approaches towards material culture and chemical characterization, the utility of XRF spectrometry to provenance studies of ceramics is illustrated. Some case studies are briefly reviewed that illustrate the utility of the data obtained from XRF spectrometry, answering broader anthropological and archaeological questions.

Long-term variations in individual particle types in the aerosol of Phoenix, Arizona, as determined using automated electron microprobe analysis and multivariate statistical techniques

1993 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 742-743
Author(s):  
Karen A. Katrinak ◽  
James R. Anderson ◽  
Peter R. Buseck
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microprobe ◽  
Fine Fraction ◽  
Coarse Fraction ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Multivariate Statistical Methods ◽  
Multivariate Statistical ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Mineral Particles ◽  
Anthropogenic Air Pollutants

Aerosol samples were collected in Phoenix, Arizona on eleven dates between July 1989 and April 1990. Elemental compositions were determined for approximately 1000 particles per sample using an electron microprobe with an energy-dispersive x-ray spectrometer. Fine-fraction samples (particle cut size of 1 to 2 μm) were analyzed for each date; coarse-fraction samples were also analyzed for four of the dates.The data were reduced using multivariate statistical methods. Cluster analysis was first used to define 35 particle types. 81% of all fine-fraction particles and 84% of the coarse-fraction particles were assigned to these types, which include mineral, metal-rich, sulfur-rich, and salt categories. "Zero-count" particles, consisting entirely of elements lighter than Na, constitute an additional category and dominate the fine fraction, reflecting the importance of anthropogenic air pollutants such as those emitted by motor vehicles. Si- and Ca-rich mineral particles dominate the coarse fraction and are also numerous in the fine fraction.

The mineralogy and firing behaviour of pottery clays of the Lake Van region, eastern Turkey

Clay Minerals ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 453-468 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Aras ◽  
S. Kiliç
Keyword(s):  
East Coast ◽  
Chemical Characterization ◽  
Mineralogical Composition ◽  
Lake Van ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Pottery Production ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Firing Shrinkage

AbstractThe present study focused on the mineralogical and chemical characterization and firing behaviour of clays from the Lake Van region and compared them with the same characteristics established for two ancient pot sherds. Four pottery clays collected from Kutki and Kuşluk in the Kesan Valley to the south, from Kavakbaşı to the southwest and from Bardakçı village on the east coast of Lake Van were analysed by X-ray diffraction to identify mineralogical composition (bulk clays and <2 μm fractions after heating at 300–500°C and ethylene glycol solvation). Further analyses were conducted to determine the size distribution, chemical composition and physical properties of test bodies derived from these clays. The in situ weathered schist forming the primary micaceous red clays which are suitable for local pottery production are characterized by large muscovite-sericite-illite and small calcite contents. In contrast, the Bardakçı clays are dominated by large smectite contents and are only used sparingly in mixtures of local pottery production because they undergo firing shrinkage and present drying and firing flaws in the fired bodies. Firing ranges of ~800–900°C were inferred from the mineralogy and colours of the two ancient sherds from Kutki. As a result of mineralogical analysis of fired and unfired test bodies of these pottery clays and pot sherds, two different types of pastes were determined for pottery production in the Lake Van region: metamorphic and volcanic paste, the former characterized by a calcite-poor and mica-sericite-rich matrix and the latter by large smectite and small calcite contents.

Soil spatial patterns analysis at the ancient city of Ibida (Dobrogea, SE Romania), via portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometry and multivariate statistical methods

CATENA ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 189 ◽  
pp. 104506 ◽  
Author(s):  
Radu Gabriel Pîrnău ◽  
Cristian Valeriu Patriche ◽  
Bogdan Roşca ◽  
Ionuţ Vasiliniuc ◽  
Nicoleta Vornicu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Methods ◽  
Spatial Patterns ◽  
Fluorescence Spectrometry ◽  
Multivariate Statistical Methods ◽  
Multivariate Statistical ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Ancient City

scholarly journals Geochemical characterization of the Sutlegen bauxite deposit, SW Antalya

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 108-121
Author(s):  
Ozge Ozer Atakoglu ◽  
Mustafa Gurhan Yalcin
Keyword(s):  
Geochemical Characteristics ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Bauxite Deposit ◽  
Multivariate Statistical Methods ◽  
Multivariate Statistical ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Icp Ms ◽  
Plasma Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose.The purpose is to determine geological and geochemical characteristics of the Sutlegen (Antalya, Turkey) bauxites, to identify the elements that played a major role in their formation. Methods. X-ray diffraction (XRD) mineral phase analysis, X-ray fluorescence (XRF) elemental analysis, plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), the petrographic and mineralogical analyses, and multivariate statistical methods were used. Findings. The major element content of the ore was determined as Al2O3 (60-35.2 wt%), SiO2 (39.5-0.2 wt%), Fe2O3 (48.4-19.5 wt%), TiO2 (36.9-16 wt%), and P2O5 (0.5-0.1 wt%). The Sutlegen region, which shows epirogenetic action with the uplift of the earth's crust, is generally rich in neritic carbonates. It was revealed that the bauxite ores have undergone moderate and strong laterization as a result of the deferruginization in the environment, and they were classified into four groups as lateritic, ferritic, kaolinitic, and bauxite. The increase in the aluminosilicate minerals, which were formed during the formation of bauxite in the environment was found to be directly proportional to the laterization processes. In this context, it was considered that the lateritic material that was firstly formed in the environment filled the cavities and pores of the karst-type limestones and sedimentary units in the region by superficial transfer phenomena. The bivariate diagrams of Log Cr vs. Log Ni revealed that the bauxite that formed in the region had an ultrabasic source. Originality. In literature, no scientific studies have been found on bauxite mineralization in the Sutlegen deposits that have been operated for a long period. Practical implications. In this context, the geochemical characteristics of bauxites revealed that the source of the laterization process in the region was the ultrabasic igneous rocks. The lateritic material moved by superficial transfer was accumulated on sandstone, claystone, siltstone, and limestone and in karstic cavities; then, it formed karstic bauxite (kaolinitic and bauxite) of different classifications due to the effect of metamorphism.

Application of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and chemometrics methods for assessing volatile profiles of Pu-erh tea with different processing methods and ageing years

RSC Advances ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (107) ◽  
pp. 87806-87817 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shidong Lv ◽  
Yuanshuang Wu ◽  
Jifu Wei ◽  
Ming Lian ◽  
Chen Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Solid Phase Microextraction ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Multivariate Statistical Methods ◽  
Multivariate Statistical ◽  
Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Volatile Profiles

A method was developed based on head-space solid phase microextraction/gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME/GC-MS) combined with multivariate statistical methods to assess volatile profiles in different types of Pu-erh teas.

Pressure-induced cation exchange in bentonite/laponite mixtures

Clay Minerals ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 371-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Paterson ◽  
D. R. Clark
Keyword(s):  
Cation Exchange ◽  
Microprobe Analysis ◽  
Adsorbed Water ◽  
Exchangeable Cation ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Multivariate Statistical Methods ◽  
Multivariate Statistical ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Physical Mixtures ◽  
Mechanism Of The Reaction

AbstractExchangeable cation associations in physical mixtures of bentonite and laponite have been examined using X-ray diffraction and a combination of electron microprobe analysis and multivariate statistical methods. The results suggest that cation exchange can occur in air-dry mixtures when pressure (∼64 kbar) is applied. Although no attempt is made to describe the mechanism of the reaction it appears to require the presence of adsorbed water.

scholarly journals The use of a combined portable X ray fluorescence and multivariate statistical methods to assess a validated macroscopic rock samples classification in an ore exploration survey

Talanta ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 85 (5) ◽  
pp. 2307-2315 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Figueroa-Cisterna ◽  
M.G. Bagur-González ◽  
S. Morales-Ruano ◽  
J. Carrillo-Rosúa ◽  
F. Martín-Peinado
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Methods ◽  
Multivariate Statistical Methods ◽  
Multivariate Statistical ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Rock Samples ◽  
Ore Exploration

scholarly journals Mineralogical and Chemical Characterization of Bajrawia Iron Ore, Sudan

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-14
Author(s):  
Ahmed Mohammedelmubarak Abbaker ◽  
Eltahir Mohamed Moslim ◽  
Montasir Sabbah El Din Elsalmawy
Keyword(s):  
Iron Ore ◽  
Chemical Characterization ◽  
High Porosity ◽  
Rock Matrix ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Mineralogical Characterization ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Iron Mineral ◽  
Fluorescence Energy

In this contribution, the mineralogical and chemical characterization of Bajrawia iron ore is investigated. The chemical analysis was conducted using atomic absorption spectroscopy, X-ray Fluorescence, Energy Dispersive X-ray and titration. The mineralogical characterization was obtained by optical microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The physical properties such as densities, water content and porosity were determined. It was found that Bajrawia iron ore contains about 35.5% Fe and some impurities like phosphorus and silica. Goethite is the major iron mineral associated with minor contents of hematite, kaolinite and quartz. SEM photo showed that the main minerals are goethite, clay minerals and quartz. The ore has low density because it has high porosity degree. This type of iron ore is disseminated in rock matrix and would be difficult to process.

scholarly journals Provenance Study of Archaeological Ceramics from Syria Using XRF Multivariate Statistical Analysis and Thermoluminescence Dating

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Elias Hanna Bakraji ◽  
Rana Abboud ◽  
Haissm Issa
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Fluorescence Analysis ◽  
Archaeological Site ◽  
Multivariate Statistical Methods ◽  
Multivariate Statistical ◽  
Archaeological Ceramics ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Thermoluminescence Dating ◽  
Three Samples ◽  
Middle Bronze Age

Thermoluminescence (TL) dating and multivariate statistical methods based on radioisotope X-ray fluorescence analysis have been utilized to date and classify Syrian archaeological ceramics fragment from Tel Jamous site. 54 samples were analyzed by radioisotope X-ray fluorescence; 51 of them come from Tel Jamous archaeological site in Sahel Akkar region, Syria, which fairly represent ceramics belonging to the Middle Bronze Age (2150 to 1600 B.C.) and the remaining three samples come from Mar-Takla archaeological site fairly representative of the Byzantine ceramics. We have selected four fragments from Tel Jamous site to determinate their age using thermoluminescence (TL) method; the results revealed that the date assigned by archaeologists was good. An annular 109Cd radioactive source was used to irradiate the samples in order to determine their chemical composition and the results were treated statistically using two methods, cluster and factor analysis. This treatment revealed two main groups; the first one contains only the three samples M52, M53, and M54 from Mar-Takla site, and the second one contains samples that belong to Tel Jamous site (local).

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