Belief Self-Knowledge

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dorit Bar-On ◽  
Kate Nolfi
Keyword(s):  
Mental States ◽  
Critical Discussion ◽  
The Other ◽  
States Of Mind ◽  
Plausible Account ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Self Knowledge ◽  
The One ◽  
Alternative Reading ◽  
Genuine Knowledge

A fundamental puzzle about self-knowledge is this: spontaneous, unreflective self-attributions of beliefs and other mental states (avowals) appear to be at once epistemically groundless and epistemically privileged. On the one hand, it seems that avowals simply do not require justification or evidence. On the other hand, avowals seem to represent a substantive epistemic achievement. Several authors have tried to explain away avowals’ groundlessness by appeal to the so-called transparency of present-tense self-attributions. After a critical discussion of two extant construals of transparency, this article presents an alternative reading of transparency (based on neo-expressivism about avowals) that explains, without explaining away, the apparent groundlessness of avowals. The article goes on to explore a way of coupling this alternative reading with a plausible account of how it is that ordinary avowals can represent genuine knowledge of present states of mind.

Paradoxes of Christian Solitude in the Seventeenth Century

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Louis Quantin
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Religious Discourse ◽  
The Other ◽  
Contemporary Society ◽  
Moral Dimension ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Status ◽  
Self Knowledge ◽  
The One

AbstractIn seventeenth-century religious discourse, the status of solitude was deeply ambivalent: on the one hand, solitude was valued as a setting and preparation for self-knowledge and meditation; on the other hand, it had negative associations with singularity, pride and even schism. The ambiguity of solitude reflected a crucial tension between the temptation to withdraw from contemporary society, as hopelessly corrupt, and endeavours to reform it. Ecclesiastical movements which stood at the margins of confessional orthodoxies, such as Jansenism (especially in its moral dimension of Rigorism), Puritanism and Pietism, targeted individual conscience but also worked at controlling and disciplining popular behaviour. They may be understood as attempts to pursue simultaneously withdrawal and engagement.

Provoking, Disturbing, Hacking: Media archaeology as a framework for the understanding of contemporary DIY composers’ instruments and ideas

2013 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 266-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanne Krogh Groth
Keyword(s):  
Media Studies ◽  
Computer Music ◽  
Critical Discussion ◽  
The Other ◽  
Media Archaeology ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Conventional Technology ◽  
Artistic Work ◽  
The One

The article is a discussion of works by two Danish composers who both, with self-constructed instruments, challenge computer music as genre, the understanding and use of conventional technology, and the music's relation to history. At first glance, the use of homemade instruments appears to be a common characteristic. But, when one takes a closer look, different discourses and various discussions of media and materiality are revealed. In the article the various positions are unfolded through discussions within the theoretical field of media archaeology – a science with its roots in media studies, but also an important framework for the production and understanding of a variety of DIY practices.The overall purpose with the article is twofold: on the one hand it illustrates how theories from the field of media archaeology contribute interesting perspectives to discussions of artistic work within the area of DIY. On the other hand, it also serves as a critical discussion of media archaeology as not necessarily the solution to every aspect of artistic practices. The two artists are Morten Riis and Goodiepal.

Weder Höhepunkt der Geschichte noch Schrei ins Leere. Grundriß der deutsch-jüdischen Symbiose

2005 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-149
Author(s):  
Manfred Voigts
Keyword(s):  
Critical Discussion ◽  
The Other ◽  
Intellectual Life ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
History Of ◽  
National Unification ◽  
German Jewish ◽  
The One

AbstractThis essay attempts to explain the German-Jewish symbiosis by examining the history of the German 'Bildungsbürgertum' and the peculiarity of the German Geistesgeschichte', which was shaped by the delay in national unification. On the one hand, the lack of political competence in German intellectual life conformed to Jewish peculiarities; on the other hand, it failed to engage in a critical discussion and rejection of anti-Judaic tendencies.

scholarly journals Developmental evidence for enhanced theory of mind for competitive versus cooperative contexts

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lily Tsoi ◽  
Kiley Hamlin ◽  
Adam Waytz ◽  
Andrew Scott Baron ◽  
Liane Young
Keyword(s):  
Preschool Children ◽  
Theory Of Mind ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Mental States ◽  
The Other ◽  
First Person ◽  
False Beliefs ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One

There is a debate regarding the function of theory of mind (ToM), the capacity to infer, attribute, and reason about mental states. On the one hand are evolutionary and psychological work suggesting that ToM is greater for competition than cooperation. On the other hand are findings and theories promoting greater ToM for cooperation than competition. We investigate the question of whether ToM is greater for competition than cooperation or vice versa by examining the period of development during which explicit ToM comes online. In two studies, we examined preschool children’s abilities to explicitly express an understanding of false beliefs—a key marker of ToM—and ability to apply that understanding in first-person social interactions in competitive and cooperative contexts. Our findings reveal that preschool children are better at understanding false beliefs and applying that understanding in competitive contexts than in cooperative contexts.

Self-Knowledge and Self-Control in Plato’s Charmides

2020 ◽  
pp. 71-86
Author(s):  
Aryeh Kosman
Keyword(s):  
Mental States ◽  
Self Control ◽  
The Other ◽  
Self Awareness ◽  
Self Knowledge ◽  
The One

This chapter examines the treatment of self-knowledge in Plato’s Charmides. The chapter argues that Critias’ proposal that temperance is self-knowledge, and its subsequent examination by Socrates, initially offers the reader a picture of self-knowledge as a reflexive self-awareness of the content of mental states. However, the initial discussion between Socrates and Critias presents the reader with a tension between the dual demands placed on self-knowledge in that dialogue. On the one hand, since self-knowledge is directed inward, towards one’s conscious states in acting temperately, it appears to be presented as reflexive. On the other, since, as a kind of knowledge, self-knowledge must be about something, and so dependent on the object it is directed towards, it is presented as exhibiting the characteristic of ‘objective intentionality’. A clue to the tension’s resolution, it is argued, can be found by considering the more standard understanding of temperance as self-control, and in Charmides’ characterization of temperance as a kind of ‘quietude’.

Loving Tolerance

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-64
Author(s):  
Mohammad Hussein Ganji ◽  
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Historical Experience ◽  
Absolute Truth ◽  
Moral Basis ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Self Knowledge ◽  
The One ◽  
Epistemological Basis

The deepening and development of epistemological issues on the one hand, and the unpleasant historical experience on the other hand, made modern humanity after the Renaissance gradually became tolerant and recognized "the Other." The epistemological basis for tolerance is the obscurity and complexity of truth and difference in the understanding of human beings. Its moral basis is not to see oneself as above others and to endure the intricacies of practicing morality. Tolerance is rational for two reasons: one is the epistemological basis that hinders the dogma of possessing absolute truth, self-knowledge, and repudiating others; the other is the advantages of tolerance for collective living. This article seeks to show that Rumi, while paying attention to the moral and epistemological principles of tolerance, goes beyond the rational tolerance of calculating profits, losses, and trading. According to his mystical view, his tolerance is a “loving tolerance,” a tolerance which is based solely on love and compassion towards human beings, rather than being based on calculations of profit and loss, with no expectation for reward.

The Meno Paradox of Reflection

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (4) ◽  
pp. 219-235
Author(s):  
Eli Alshanetsky ◽  
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Self Knowledge ◽  
The One ◽  
Coming To Know ◽  
Meno Paradox

The paper introduces a new puzzle about reflection—albeit one that is reminiscent of the famous paradox about inquiry in Plato’s Meno. We often make our thoughts clear to ourselves in the process of putting them into words. Our puzzle is that, on the one hand, coming to know what we are thinking seems to require finding words that would express our thought; yet, on the other hand, finding the words seems to require already knowing what we are thinking. I argue that the puzzle cannot be solved by accounting for the knowledge that we gain in such cases on the models of self-interpretation and self-constitution. The primary purpose of introducing the puzzle is to provide a tool for systematically investigating this category of non-interpretive and non-constitutive self-knowledge, and I conclude with some words about the scope of the category and the value of finding a solution.

Three Varieties of Knowledge

1991 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 153-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald Davidson
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Other Minds ◽  
Empirical Knowledge ◽  
States Of Mind ◽  
Sense Organs ◽  
Causal Dependence ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The World ◽  
Self Knowledge ◽  
The Senses

I know, for the most part, what I think, want, and intend, and what my sensations are. In addition, I know a great deal about the world around me. I also sometimes know what goes on in other people's minds. Each of these three kinds of empirical knowledge has its distinctive characteristics. What I know about the contents of my own mind I generally know without investigation or appeal to evidence. There are exceptions, but the primacy of unmediated self-knowledge is attested by the fact that we distrust the exceptions until they can be reconciled with the unmediated. My knowledge of the world outside of myself, on the other hand, depends on the functioning of my sense organs, and this causal dependence on the senses makes my beliefs about the world of nature open to a sort of uncertainty that arises only rarely in the case of beliefs about my own states of mind. Many of my simple perceptions of what is going on in the world are not based on further evidence; my perceptual beliefs are simply caused directly by the events and objects around me. But my knowledge of the propositional contents of other minds is never immediate in this sense; I would have no access to what others think and value if I could not note their behaviour.

scholarly journals Crowdsourcing: A Critical Discussion on Some Issues of a Challenging New Practice in the Digitization of Photographic Heritage

2016 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Baetens
Keyword(s):  
Belief Systems ◽  
Critical Discussion ◽  
The Other ◽  
Photographic Material ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Creative Tension ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The One

This article deals with a certain number of issues raised by the use of crowdsourcing in the management of photographic archives. Although crowdsourcing is (and should remain) a vital instrument in the description and analysis of photographic material, it does not really take into account certain problems such as the difference between information and knowledge, the reduction of knowledge to merely cognitive elements (at the expense of social, political, and ideological belief systems) and the creative tension between the unique artefact on the one hand and serialization on the other hand. Relying on the work by Yves Citton and his plea for the role of interpretation in humanist research, this article will offer a new way of "framing" the technique of crowdsourcing in a larger interpretive context.

Stories and the Self

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 47-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Krause ◽  
Markus Appel
Keyword(s):  
Meta Analysis ◽  
The Self ◽  
The Other ◽  
Lower Degree ◽  
Contrast Effects ◽  
Self Perception ◽  
Self Perceptions ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One ◽  
Implicit And Explicit

Abstract. Two experiments examined the influence of stories on recipients’ self-perceptions. Extending prior theory and research, our focus was on assimilation effects (i.e., changes in self-perception in line with a protagonist’s traits) as well as on contrast effects (i.e., changes in self-perception in contrast to a protagonist’s traits). In Experiment 1 ( N = 113), implicit and explicit conscientiousness were assessed after participants read a story about either a diligent or a negligent student. Moderation analyses showed that highly transported participants and participants with lower counterarguing scores assimilate the depicted traits of a story protagonist, as indicated by explicit, self-reported conscientiousness ratings. Participants, who were more critical toward a story (i.e., higher counterarguing) and with a lower degree of transportation, showed contrast effects. In Experiment 2 ( N = 103), we manipulated transportation and counterarguing, but we could not identify an effect on participants’ self-ascribed level of conscientiousness. A mini meta-analysis across both experiments revealed significant positive overall associations between transportation and counterarguing on the one hand and story-consistent self-reported conscientiousness on the other hand.

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