scholarly journals Transcriptome Sequencing Uncovers the Avr5 Avirulence Gene of the Tomato Leaf Mold Pathogen Cladosporium fulvum

2014 ◽  
Vol 27 (8) ◽  
pp. 846-857 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl H. Mesarich ◽  
Scott A. Griffiths ◽  
Ate van der Burgt ◽  
Bilal Ökmen ◽  
Henriek G. Beenen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogen ◽  
Transcriptome Sequencing ◽  
Tomato Leaf ◽  
Avirulence Gene ◽  
Cladosporium Fulvum ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Cysteine Rich Protein ◽  
Tomato Leaf Mold ◽  
Susceptible Tomato

The Cf-5 gene of tomato confers resistance to strains of the fungal pathogen Cladosporium fulvum carrying the avirulence gene Avr5. Although Cf-5 has been cloned, Avr5 has remained elusive. We report the cloning of Avr5 using a combined bioinformatic and transcriptome sequencing approach. RNA-Seq was performed on the sequenced race 0 strain (0WU; carrying Avr5), as well as a race 5 strain (IPO 1979; lacking a functional Avr5 gene) during infection of susceptible tomato. Forty-four in planta–induced C. fulvum candidate effector (CfCE) genes of 0WU were identified that putatively encode a secreted, small cysteine-rich protein. An expressed transcript sequence comparison between strains revealed two polymorphic CfCE genes in IPO 1979. One of these conferred avirulence to IPO 1979 on Cf-5 tomato following complementation with the corresponding 0WU allele, confirming identification of Avr5. Complementation also led to increased fungal biomass during infection of susceptible tomato, signifying a role for Avr5 in virulence. Seven of eight race 5 strains investigated escape Cf-5-mediated resistance through deletion of the Avr5 gene. Avr5 is heavily flanked by repetitive elements, suggesting that repeat instability, in combination with Cf-5-mediated selection pressure, has led to the emergence of race 5 strains deleted for the Avr5 gene.

scholarly journals Expression of the Avirulence Gene Avr9 of the Fungal Tomato Pathogen Cladosporium fulvum Is Regulated by the Global Nitrogen Response Factor NRF1

2001 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 316-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandro Pérez-García ◽  
Sandor S. Snoeijers ◽  
Matthieu H. A. J. Joosten ◽  
Theo Goosen ◽  
Pierre J. G. M. De Wit
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Zinc Finger ◽  
Avirulence Gene ◽  
Response Factor ◽  
Cladosporium Fulvum ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Nitrogen Response ◽  
Tomato Plants

Here we describe the role of the Cladosporium fulvum nitrogen response factor 1 (Nrf1) gene in regulation of the expression of avirulence gene Avr9 and virulence on tomato. The Nrf1 gene, which was isolated by a polymerase chain reaction-based strategy, is predicted to encode a protein of 918 amino acid residues. The protein contains a putative zinc finger DNA-binding domain that shares 98% amino acid identity with the zinc finger of the major nitrogen regulatory proteins AREA and NIT2 of Aspergillus nidulans and Neurospora crassa, respectively. Functional equivalence of Nrf1 to areA was demonstrated by complementation of an A. nidulans areA loss-of-function mutant with Nrf1. Nrf1-deficient transformants of C. fulvum obtained by homologous recombination were unable to utilize nitrate and nitrite as a nitrogen source. In contrast to what was observed in the C. fulvum wild-type, the Avr9 gene was no longer induced under nitrogen-starvation conditions in Nrf1-deficient strains. On susceptible tomato plants, the Nrf1-deficient strains were as virulent as wild-type strains of C. fulvum, although the expression of the Avr9 gene was strongly reduced. In addition, Nrf1-deficient strains were still avirulent on tomato plants containing the functional Cf-9 resistance gene, indicating that in planta, apparently sufficient quantities of stable AVR9 elicitor are produced. Our results suggest that the NRF1 protein is a major regulator of the Avr9 gene.

CLADOSPORIUM FULVUM RACE 10 AND RESISTANCE TO IT IN TOMATO

1964 ◽  
Vol 42 (11) ◽  
pp. 1555-1558 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. L. Bailey ◽  
E. A. Kerr
Keyword(s):  
Tomato Leaf ◽  
Cladosporium Fulvum ◽  
Leaf Mold ◽  
Tomato Leaf Mold ◽  
Race 1 ◽  
New Race

A new race of Cladosporium fulvum Cke., the tomato leaf mold pathogen, appeared on the tomato lines Purdue 38 and Purdue 135 in commercial greenhouses in the vicinity of Cincinnati, Ohio, in the fall of 1962. These lines incorporate from L. hirsutum the gene Cf4, which confers immunity to races 1 to 9. Greenhouse inoculations indicate that race 10 is similar to race 1 in pathogenicity against Cf1, Cf2, and Cf3. Varieties such as Vetomold, Tucker's Forcing, and Manalucie, which contain Cf2, are accordingly immune from race 10.

scholarly journals Draft Genome Sequence of Dicyma pulvinata Strain 414-3, a Mycoparasite of Cladosporium fulvum, Causal Agent of Tomato Leaf Mold

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (35) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hirotoshi Sushida ◽  
Takuya Sumita ◽  
Yumiko Higashi ◽  
Yuichiro Iida
Keyword(s):  
Genome Sequence ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Draft Genome ◽  
Tomato Leaf ◽  
Draft Genome Sequence ◽  
Cladosporium Fulvum ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Leaf Mold ◽  
Tomato Leaf Mold ◽  
Mycoparasitic Fungus

Dicyma pulvinata strain 414-3, isolated from the surface of a tomato leaf, is a mycoparasitic fungus of Cladosporium fulvum, which causes leaf mold of tomato. We report here the draft genome sequence of strain 414-3, which will contribute to elucidating the molecular mechanisms involved in the mycoparasitism.

scholarly journals Silencing of Six Hydrophobins in Cladosporium fulvum: Complexities of Simultaneously Targeting Multiple Genes

2008 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 542-546 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hélène Lacroix ◽  
Pietro D. Spanu
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Pcr ◽  
Multigene Family ◽  
Inverted Repeat ◽  
Tomato Leaf ◽  
Causal Agent ◽  
Cladosporium Fulvum ◽  
Expression Levels ◽  
Leaf Mold ◽  
Multiple Genes ◽  
Tomato Leaf Mold

ABSTRACT In this study, we have constructed and expressed inverted repeat chimeras from the first exons of the six known hydrophobins of the fungus Cladosporium fulvum, the causal agent of tomato leaf mold. We used quantitative PCR to measure specifically the expression levels of the hydrophobins. The targeted genes are silenced to different degrees, but we also detected clear changes in the expression levels of nontargeted genes. This work highlights the difficulties that are likely to be encountered when attempting to silence more than one gene in a multigene family.

Occurrence of tomato leaf mold caused by novel race 2.4.9 of Cladosporium fulvum in Japan

2020 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-38
Author(s):  
Kandai Yoshida ◽  
Shunsuke Asano ◽  
Hirotoshi Sushida ◽  
Yuichiro Iida
Keyword(s):  
Tomato Leaf ◽  
Cladosporium Fulvum ◽  
Leaf Mold ◽  
Tomato Leaf Mold

scholarly journals Specific Hypersensitive Response–Associated Recognition of New Apoplastic Effectors from Cladosporium fulvum in Wild Tomato

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 145-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl H. Mesarich ◽  
Bilal Ӧkmen ◽  
Hanna Rovenich ◽  
Scott A. Griffiths ◽  
Changchun Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hypersensitive Response ◽  
Expression System ◽  
Potato Virus X ◽  
Cladosporium Fulvum ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Antimicrobial Proteins ◽  
Wild Tomato ◽  
Tomato Leaf Mold ◽  
Microbe Interactions ◽  
Leaf Apoplast

Tomato leaf mold disease is caused by the biotrophic fungus Cladosporium fulvum. During infection, C. fulvum produces extracellular small secreted protein (SSP) effectors that function to promote colonization of the leaf apoplast. Resistance to the disease is governed by Cf immune receptor genes that encode receptor-like proteins (RLPs). These RLPs recognize specific SSP effectors to initiate a hypersensitive response (HR) that renders the pathogen avirulent. C. fulvum strains capable of overcoming one or more of all cloned Cf genes have now emerged. To combat these strains, new Cf genes are required. An effectoromics approach was employed to identify wild tomato accessions carrying new Cf genes. Proteomics and transcriptome sequencing were first used to identify 70 apoplastic in planta–induced C. fulvum SSPs. Based on sequence homology, 61 of these SSPs were novel or lacked known functional domains. Seven, however, had predicted structural homology to antimicrobial proteins, suggesting a possible role in mediating antagonistic microbe-microbe interactions in planta. Wild tomato accessions were then screened for HR-associated recognition of 41 SSPs, using the Potato virus X–based transient expression system. Nine SSPs were recognized by one or more accessions, suggesting that these plants carry new Cf genes available for incorporation into cultivated tomato.

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