scholarly journals Suppression of Fusarium Wilt Caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum Race 2 on Grafted Triploid Watermelon

Plant Disease ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 98 (10) ◽  
pp. 1326-1332 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony P. Keinath ◽  
Richard L. Hassell
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Oxysporum ◽  
Fusarium Wilt ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
The United States ◽  
Infested Soil ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Race 1 ◽  
Susceptible Control ◽  
Triploid Watermelon ◽  
Race 2

Fusarium wilt of watermelon, caused by the soilborne fungal pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum race 2, is a serious, widespread disease present in major watermelon-growing regions of the United States and other countries. ‘Fascination,’ a high yielding triploid resistant to race 1, is grown in southeastern states in fields that contain a mixture of races 1 and 2. There is some benefit to using cultivars with race 1 resistance in such fields, even though Fascination is susceptible to Fusarium wilt caused by race 2. Experiments in 2012 and 2013 were done in fields infested primarily with race 2 and a mixture of races 1 and 2, respectively. Fascination was grafted onto four rootstock cultivars: bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria) ‘Macis’ and ‘Emphasis’ and interspecific hybrid squash (Cucurbita maxima× C. moschata) ‘Strong Tosa’ and ‘Carnivor.’ Nongrafted and self-grafted Fascination were used as susceptible control treatments. In both experiments, mean incidence of plants with symptoms of Fusarium wilt was ≥52% in the susceptible control treatments and ≤6% on the grafted rootstocks. Disease incidence did not differ between rootstock species or cultivars. In both years, Fascination grafted onto Strong Tosa and Macis produced more marketable-sized fruit than the susceptible control treatments. Grafted Emphasis and Carnivor also produced more fruit than the control treatments in 2012. The cucurbit rootstocks suppressed Fusarium wilt caused by race 2 and increased marketable yield of triploid watermelon grown in infested soil.

scholarly journals First Report of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum Race 2 as Causal Agent of Fusarium Wilt of Watermelon in Indiana

Plant Disease ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 89 (1) ◽  
pp. 108-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. S. Egel ◽  
R. Harikrishnan ◽  
R. Martyn
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Fusarium Oxysporum ◽  
Fusarium Wilt ◽  
Citrullus Lanatus ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mineral Salts ◽  
First Report ◽  
Race 1 ◽  
Race 2 ◽  
Greenhouse Assay

Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum race 1 is uniformly distributed throughout watermelon (Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai) growing regions, but F. oxysporum f. sp. niveum race 2 has a limited known distribution in the United States (Texas, Florida, Oklahoma, Maryland, and Delaware) (3,4). Since the spring of 2001, commercial watermelon fields in Knox and Gibson counties in southwestern Indiana have been observed with symptoms of one-sided wilt and vascular discoloration typical of Fusarium wilt. Race 2 of F. oxysporum f. sp. niveum was suspected as the casual agent since the diseased watermelon cultivars are considered resistant to races 0 and 1. Two isolates of F. oxysporum obtained from wilted watermelon plants in two different commercial fields and one isolate obtained from a wilted seedling in a transplant house were compared for pathogenicity in a greenhouse assay. Known isolates of F. oxysporum f. sp. niveum races 0, 1, and 2 were obtained from Don Hopkins (University of Florida, Apopka), Kate Everts (University of Maryland/University of Delaware, Salisbury, MD), and Ray Martyn (Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN), respectively, and were used for comparison. All isolates were grown in shake cultures in a mineral salts liquid medium. (1). After 72 hr, the predominately microconidal suspensions were filtered through cheesecloth and adjusted to 1 × 105 conidia/ml with the aid of a hemacytometer. A concentration of 1 × 105 condia/ml was shown previously to cause the desired disease reaction in the standard cultivars. Seedlings of the differential cvs, Black Diamond (universal susceptible), Charleston Gray (race 0 resistant), and Calhoun Gray (race 0 and 1 resistant) were grown in a 1:1, (v:v) sand/ vermiculite mixture to the first true-leaf stage after which the plants were uprooted and the roots carefully washed prior to root dip inoculation. Subsequent to inoculation, seedlings were planted in a sand/vermiculite/ peat mixture (4:1:1, [v:v:v]) with four seedlings to a 15-cm-diameter pot. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with five replications. Two isolates from the commercial field plants caused an average of 100% wilt on cv. Black Diamond, 95% wilt on cv. Charleston Gray, and 80% wilt on cv. Calhoun Gray, resulting in a designation of race 2. The isolate from a commercial transplant house resulted in 100, 60, and 15% wilt, respectively, on the three standard cultivars resulting in a race 1 designation. The presence of F. oxysporum f. sp. niveum race 2 in Indiana is significant because Indiana currently ranks fifth in the United States in watermelon production and there are no commercially available cultivars that possess resistance to race 2. To our knowledge, this is the first report of F. oxysporum f. sp. niveum race 2 in Indiana and the first report of race 2 from the Midwest region of the United States. Race 2, first described from the United States in 1985 (2), has now been confirmed in six states. References: (1) R. Esposito and A. Fletcher. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 93:369, 1961. (2) R. Martyn, Plant Dis. 69:1007, 1985. (3) R. Martyn, Plant Dis. 71:233, 1987. (4) X. Zhou and K. Everts. Plant Dis. 87:692, 2003.

scholarly journals Managing Fusarium Wilt of Watermelon with Delayed Transplanting and Cultivar Resistance

Plant Disease ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 103 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony P. Keinath ◽  
Timothy W. Coolong ◽  
Justin D. Lanier ◽  
Pingsheng Ji
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
South Carolina ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Fusarium Wilt ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Southern United States ◽  
Cultivar Resistance ◽  
Race 1 ◽  
Triploid Watermelon ◽  
Marketable Fruit

Fusarium wilt of watermelon caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum is a serious, widespread disease of watermelon throughout the southern United States. To investigate whether soil temperature affects disease development, three cultivars of triploid watermelon were transplanted March 17 to 21, April 7 to 11, and April 26 to May 2 in 2015 and 2016 at Charleston, SC, and Tifton, GA into fields naturally infested with F. oxysporum f. sp. niveum. Incidence of Fusarium wilt was lower with late-season than with early and midseason transplanting in all four experiments (P ≤ 0.01). Cultivar Citation had more wilted plants than the cultivars Fascination and Melody in three of four experiments (P ≤ 0.05). In South Carolina, planting date did not affect weight and number of marketable fruit ≥4.5 kg apiece. In Georgia in 2016, weight and number of marketable fruit were greater with late transplanting than with early and midseason transplanting. In both states, yield and value for Fascination and Melody were higher than for Citation. Soil temperature averaged over the 4-week period after transplanting was negatively correlated with disease incidence for all four experiments (r = –0.737, P = 0.006). Transplanting after mid-April and choosing a cultivar with resistance to F. oxysporum f. sp. niveum race 1, like Fascination, or tolerance, like Melody, can help manage Fusarium wilt of watermelon and increase marketable yields in the southern United States.

scholarly journals Characterization of a Regional Population of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum by Race, Cross Pathogenicity, and Vegetative Compatibility

2007 ◽  
Vol 97 (4) ◽  
pp. 461-469 ◽  
Author(s):  
X. G. Zhou ◽  
K. L. Everts
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Oxysporum ◽  
Vegetative Compatibility ◽  
Infested Soil ◽  
Vegetative Compatibility Group ◽  
Atlantic Region ◽  
Compatibility Group ◽  
Race 1 ◽  
Regional Population ◽  
Race 2

Eighty-eight isolates of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum, collected from wilted watermelon plants and infested soil in Maryland and Dela-ware, were characterized by cross pathogenicity to muskmelon, race, and vegetative compatibility. Four isolates (4.5%) were moderately pathogenic to ≥2 of 18 muskmelon cultivars in a greenhouse test, and one representative isolate also was slightly pathogenic in field microplots. The four isolates all were designated as race 2, and were in vegetative compatibility group (VCG) 0082. Of the 74 isolates to which a VCG could be assigned, 41 were in VCG 0080, the VCG distributed most widely; 27 were in VCG 0082, and were distributed in half of the 20 watermelon fields surveyed; and 6 were in the newly described VCG 0083, and were restricted to three fields. Among the isolates in VCG 0080, 8 were designated as race 0, 21 as race 1, and 12 as race 2. Of the isolates in VCG 0082, 6 were designated as race 0, 11 as race 1, and 10 as race 2. All isolates in VCG 0083 were designated as race 2. Isolates from more than one race within the same VCG or isolates from more than one VCG were recovered from single plants and fields. No differences in aggressiveness on differential watermelon cultivars were observed among isolates from different VCGs of the same race. A diverse association between virulence and VCG throughout the Mid-Atlantic region suggests that the pathotypes of F. oxysporum f. sp. niveum may be of local origin or at least long existent in the region.

scholarly journals Race 3, a New and Highly Virulent Race of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum Causing Fusarium Wilt in Watermelon

Plant Disease ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 94 (1) ◽  
pp. 92-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
X. G. Zhou ◽  
K. L. Everts ◽  
B. D. Bruton
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Oxysporum ◽  
Host Range ◽  
Fusarium Wilt ◽  
Citrullus Lanatus ◽  
Genetic Difference ◽  
Infested Soil ◽  
Reference Isolate ◽  
New Race ◽  
Race 2 ◽  
Highly Virulent

Three races (0, 1, and 2) of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum have been previously described in watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) based on their ability to cause disease on differential watermelon genotypes. Four isolates of F. oxysporum f. sp. niveum collected from wilted watermelon plants or infested soil in Maryland, along with reference isolates of races 0, 1, and 2, were compared for virulence, host range, and vegetative compatibility. Race identification was made on the watermelon differentials Sugar Baby, Charleston Gray, Dixielee, Calhoun Gray, and PI-296341-FR using a root-dip, tray-dip, or pipette inoculation method. All four Maryland isolates were highly virulent, causing 78 to 100% wilt on all differentials, one of which was PI-296341-FR, considered highly resistant to race 2. The isolates also produced significantly greater colonization in the lower stems of PI-296341-FR than a standard race 2 reference isolate. In field microplots, two of the isolates caused over 90% wilt on PI-296341-FR, whereas no disease was caused by a race 2 isolate. All four isolates were nonpathogenic on muskmelon, cucumber, pumpkin, and squash, confirming their host specific pathogenicity to watermelon. The Maryland isolates were vegetatively compatible to each other but not compatible with the race 2 isolates evaluated, indicating their genetic difference from race 2. This study proposes that the Maryland isolates belong to a new race, race 3, the most virulent race of F. oxysporum f. sp. niveum described to date.

scholarly journals Control of Fusarium Wilt of Watermelon by Grafting onto Bottlegourd or Interspecific Hybrid Squash Despite Colonization of Rootstocks by Fusarium

Plant Disease ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 98 (2) ◽  
pp. 255-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. P. Keinath ◽  
R. L. Hassell
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Wilt ◽  
Interspecific Hybrid ◽  
Citrullus Lanatus ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Field Performance ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Infested Field ◽  
Race 1 ◽  
Seedless Watermelon ◽  
Race 2

Grafting watermelon (Citrullus lanatus var. lanatus) onto rootstocks of interspecific hybrid squash (Cucurbita moschata × C. maxima), bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria), or citron (Citrullus lanatus var. citroides) has been used in Asia and Israel to mange Fusarium wilt of watermelon caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum. The objectives of this study were to determine the frequency of infection of six rootstocks by F. oxysporum f. sp. niveum races 1 and 2 and the field performance of grafted rootstocks in Charleston, SC. Grafted and nongrafted watermelon and rootstock plants were inoculated in the greenhouse with race 1, race 2, or water (the control treatment). With both races, the frequency of recovery of F. oxysporum from scion and rootstock portions of inoculated watermelon plants grafted onto ‘Ojakkyo’ citron was greater than from watermelon plants grafted onto ‘Shintosa Camel’ and ‘Strong Tosa’ interspecific hybrid squash, and from plants grafted onto ‘Emphasis’, ‘Macis’, and ‘WMXP 3945’ bottlegourd. For nongrafted plants inoculated with race 1, percent recovery also was greater from Ojakkyo than from interspecific hybrid squash and bottlegourd. For nongrafted plants inoculated with race 2, F. oxysporum was recovered from the base of ≥79% of all inoculated plants. More than two-thirds (15) of 21 isolates recovered from the tops or scions of inoculated plants were pathogenic on watermelon. In spring 2010 and 2011, the six rootstocks were grafted with seedless watermelon ‘Tri-X 313’, which is susceptible to both races, and transplanted in a field infested with races 1 and 2 of F. oxysporum f. sp. niveum. Disease incidence for nongrafted and self-grafted Tri-X 313 (the control treatments) and Tri-X 313 grafted onto Ojakkyo citron did not differ significantly. Grafted watermelon plants produced greater weights and numbers of fruit than plants of the two control treatments. Nonpathogenic isolates of F. oxysporum and isolates of F. oxysporum f. sp. niveum colonized interspecific hybrid squash, bottlegourd, and grafted watermelon. The rootstocks evaluated, however, restricted movement of F. oxysporum f. sp. niveum into the watermelon scion, suppressed wilt symptoms, and increased fruit yields in an infested field.

scholarly journals First Report of Race 3 of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici in Southeastern Florida

Plant Disease ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 84 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-199
Author(s):  
R. C. Ploetz ◽  
J. L. Haynes
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Oxysporum ◽  
Fusarium Wilt ◽  
Personal Communication ◽  
Crown Rot ◽  
Basal Cells ◽  
Single Spore ◽  
Tomato Cultivar ◽  
Race 1 ◽  
Race 2 ◽  
Research And Education

Race 3 of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici, cause of Fusarium wilt of tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum, was first recognized in Florida in 1982 on the west coast (Hillsborough and Manatee counties) (2). Approximately 10 years later, race 3 was reported in northeastern production areas of the state (Gadsden County) (1) and was observed on the east coast (Ft. Pierce area) (D. O. Chellemi, personal communication). During the 1998 to 1999 season, mature plants of Sanibel, a commercial tomato cultivar with resistance to races 1 and 2, were observed with symptoms of Fusarium wilt at the University of Florida's Tropical Research and Education Center in Homestead. Approximately 20% of the plants were conspicuously wilted, chlorotic, and necrotic in all or unilateral portions of the canopy. Internal, vascular discoloration in affected plants extended far into the canopy, distinguishing the disease from Fusarium crown rot, caused by F. oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici. Pure colonies of fungi were isolated from surface-disinfested (10 s with 70% ethanol, 2 min with 10% bleach) stem segments on potato dextrose agar (PDA) amended with streptomycin (100 mg/liter), rifamycin (50 mg/liter), and a commercial miticide (Danitol 2EHC [4 drops/liter]). Isolates were identified as F. oxysporum due to their production of typical falcate macroconidia with foot-shaped basal cells, microconidia borne in false heads only on mono-phialides, and chlamydospores. In replicated (three) greenhouse trials, six single-spore isolates were used to root-dip inoculate (107 conidia per ml) seedlings of differential tomato cultivars (Bonnie Best, no resistance; Manapal, race 1 resistance; Walter, race 1 and race 2 resistance). All isolates were pathogenic on each of the differential cultivars, and one isolate, 2-1, caused severe damage on Walter (mean rating of 3.5 on a 1 to 5 scale). The results were repeated in a second trial with the most virulent isolate. In both trials, pure colonies of F. oxysporum were recovered from symptomatic seedlings. Southeastern Florida is the last major tomatoproduction area in Florida to be affected by race 3 of F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. References: (1) D. O. Chellemi and H. A. Dankers. Plant Dis. 76:861, 1992. (2) R. B. Volin and J. P. Jones. Proc. Fla. State Hortic. Soc. 95:268, 1982.

scholarly journals Retention of Resistance to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum in Cucurbit Rootstocks Infected by Meloidogyne incognita

Plant Disease ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 102 (9) ◽  
pp. 1820-1827 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony P. Keinath ◽  
Paula A. Agudelo
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Oxysporum ◽  
Fusarium Wilt ◽  
Meloidogyne Incognita ◽  
Interspecific Hybrid ◽  
Bottle Gourd ◽  
Root Knot Nematode ◽  
Summer Squash ◽  
Race 1 ◽  
Race 2 ◽  
Southern Root Knot Nematode

Interspecific hybrid squash (Cucurbita maxima × C. moschata ‘Strong Tosa’) and bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria ‘Macis’) rootstocks are resistant to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum but susceptible to Meloidogyne incognita (Southern root-knot nematode). Coinfection of Early Prolific Straightneck summer squash (C. pepo) with root-knot nematode and F. oxysporum f. sp. niveum has been reported to increase susceptibility to Fusarium wilt. The objectives of this study were to determine whether such an interaction occurred between M. incognita and F. oxysporum f. sp. niveum races 1 and 2 on Strong Tosa, Macis, and watermelon cultivars Fascination (resistant to race 1) and Tri-X 313 (susceptible to both races). Hosts were inoculated in a greenhouse with one of four pathogen treatments: F. oxysporum f. sp. niveum, M. incognita, both pathogens, or neither pathogen. Galling was present on ≥10% of the root systems of 90% of the plants inoculated with M. incognita. Bottle gourd had less galling than interspecific hybrid squash. Plants not inoculated with F. oxysporum f. sp. niveum did not wilt. Four weeks after inoculation, incidence and severity of Fusarium wilt and recovery of F. oxysporum did not differ for any hosts inoculated with F. oxysporum f. sp. niveum alone and F. oxysporum f. sp. niveum plus M. incognita (host–treatment interactions not significant). In general, Early Prolific Straightneck grouped with the F. oxysporum f. sp. niveum-resistant rootstocks when inoculated with F. oxysporum f. sp. niveum race 2 and with the susceptible watermelon when inoculated with race 1, regardless of inoculation with M. incognita. Recovery of F. oxysporum from stems of inoculated watermelon was greater than recovery from the other three hosts, regardless of nematode inoculation. In conclusion, our experiments do not support the hypothesis that resistance to F. oxysporum f. sp. niveum in cucurbit rootstocks or resistant watermelon cultivars would be compromised when M. incognita infects the roots.

Reactions of field pea cultivars to four races of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. pisi

2003 ◽  
Vol 83 (2) ◽  
pp. 377-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Neumann and A. G. Xue
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Oxysporum ◽  
Fusarium Wilt ◽  
Visual Assessment ◽  
Shoot Length ◽  
Field Pea ◽  
Severity Rating ◽  
Race 1 ◽  
Growth Chambers ◽  
Race 2 ◽  
Highly Correlated

Reactions of the 117 field pea cultivars available in Canada were evaluated to the four common races (1, 2, 5, and 6) of Fusarium oxysporum Schl. f. sp. pisi (van Hall) Sny. and Hans, the causal agent of fusarium wilt, in growth chambers. Based on the visual assessment of foliar wilt symptoms, 49 cultivars were resistant to at least one of the four races, and the remaining 68 cultivars were susceptible to all four races. Of these resistant cultivars, Ascona and 44 other cultivars were resistant to race 1; Impala to race 2; Aladin to races 1 and 2; and Radley and Princess to races 2, 5, and 6. In an effort to standardize the methodology for screening field pea for resistance to the pathogen, other quantitative parameters including shoot length, vascular discoloration, and shoot and root dry weights were evaluated on selected cultivars. Correlation analysis revealed that foliar wilt symptoms and the reduction in shoot length were highly correlated (r = -0.90, P < 0.01). The result suggests that the reduction in shoot length could be used to supplement the visual severity rating for fusarium wilt in field pea. Key words: Field pea, Pisum sativum, fusarium wilt, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. pisi, resistance

Vegetative compatibility within Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. niveum and its relationship to virulence, aggressiveness, and race

1990 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 352-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. P. Larkin ◽  
D. L. Hopkins ◽  
F. N. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Oxysporum ◽  
The United States ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Vegetative Compatibility ◽  
Vegetative Compatibility Groups ◽  
Nit Mutants ◽  
The World ◽  
Infested Field ◽  
Race 1 ◽  
Race 2

Over 250 isolates of Fusarium oxysporum collected from infected watermelon plants and soil samples from a pathogen-infested field, as well as known isolates of F. oxysporum f. sp. niveum imported from various locations around the world, were tested for pathogenicity on watermelon and used to determine vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs) within F. oxysporum f. sp. niveum. Vegetative compatibility was assessed on the basis of heterokaryon formation among nitrate-nonutilizing mutants. Race determinations were made by screening isolates on six different watermelon cultivars of varying resistance. All isolates of F. oxysporum f. sp. niveum belonged to one of three distinct VCGs, and were incompatible with isolates that were not pathogenic on watermelon. Isolates of F. oxysporum f. sp. niveum were subdivided into two races and there was a direct relationship between VCG and race. VCG 0080 consisted of race 1 isolates from five states of the United States, Taiwan, and Australia. VCG 0081 consisted solely of race 1 isolates from Florida. VCG 0082 was comprised solely of race 2 isolates, all of which were capable of causing severe wilt on all cultivars tested. Numerous Florida isolates were compatible with race 2 isolates from Texas and demonstrated comparable virulence on all cultivars, confirming the presence of race 2 in Florida. With F. oxysporum f. sp. niveum, vegetative compatibility can be utilized as an alternative or collaborative method to distinguish pathogenic from nonpathogenic strains of F. oxysporum and to differentiate subforma specialis virulence characteristics. Key words: fusarium wilt, nit mutants, watermelon.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Fusarium Wilt Disease of Cucumber (Cucumis sativus Linn) in Peninsular Malaysia Caused by Fusarium oxysporum and F. solani

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 29-45
Author(s):  
Hazirah Mohd Din ◽  
Osamah Rashed ◽  
Khairulmazmi Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Oxysporum ◽  
Fusarium Wilt ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Infected Plant ◽  
Peninsular Malaysia ◽  
Disease Prevalence ◽  
Wilt Disease ◽  
Infested Soil ◽  
Pathogenicity Test ◽  
Fusarium Wilt Disease

Fusarium wilt disease is one of the most problematic and destructive disease in cucumber production. The causative agents are Fusarium oxysporum and F. solani. These pathogens are soil borne and transmitted through infested soil and water. A field survey was conducted to study the disease prevalence in the major growing areas of cucumber in Peninsular Malaysia. Field study revealed that the disease was highly prevalence in the field with the disease incidence was in the range of 10%–60%. The morphological properties of F. oxysporum are microconidia (3.8–15.7 μm × 2.9–4.9 μm), macroconidia (14.8–38.5 μm × 2.4–5.7 μm) and number of septate was 1–4. While for F. solani are microconidia (3.39–14.63 μm × 2.36–4.44 μm), macroconidia (7.22–50.46 μm × 2.43–6.14 μm) and number of septate was 1–5. Based on molecular identification had confirmed that the disease is caused by F. oxysporum and F. solani with similarity index of 99%–100% based on internal transcribed spacer (ITS) gene sequences. The pathogenicity test showed that the symptoms of Fusarium wilt disease was firstly appeared as yellowing of old leaves. Progressively, the infected plant will be wilted and finally died. The outputs of this study are highly important to establish an effective disease management programme to reduce disease prevalence and yield loss in the field.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document